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Astrocytes serve multiple functions, including modulating neuronal activity , buffering potassium, taking up synaptic glutamate, maintaining endothelial tight junctions, and clearing brain metabolic waste products. Astrocytes possess different morphological characteristics depending on the cerebral region in which they are found. Astrocytes may be recognized as such by their expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), aquaporin-4, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L1, and other proteins. However, none of the current astrocytic markers can label all subpopulations successfully. Thus, identifying the appropriate marker for a specific scientific investigation is critical.
GS is present predominantly in the brain, kidneys, and liver. GS in the brain participates in the metabolic regulation of glutamate, the detoxification of brain ammonia, the assimilation of ammonia, recyclization of neurotransmitters, and termination of neurotransmitter signals. Glutamine synthetase activity has been shown to be a useful marker of astrocytes.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| CABT-L1329 | Anti-Human Glutamine Synthetase monoclonal antibody, clone 8I0M27 | H, M, R | FC, ICC, IF, WB |
| CABT-B9212 | Anti-Human Glutamine Synthetase monoclonal antibody, clone 7 | H, M, R | WB, IHC, Bioimaging, IF, IP |
| CABT-L3005 | Anti-Human Glutamine Synthetase monoclonal antibody, clone JID697 | H | IHC |
Aldh1L1, also named 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH), is a folate enzyme that converts 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. It is crucial in several biochemical reactions, including de novo nucleotide biosynthesis and regeneration of methionine, rendering it of great influence in cell division and growth. Using Aldh1L1 as an astrocyte marker was originally proposed based on data arguing that Aldh1L1 is highly, broadly and specifically expressed by nearly all astrocytes, but not other CNS cell types.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DCABH-670 | Anti-ALDH1L1 monoclonal antibody, clone 4C22 | H, R | WB |
| DCABH-6101 | Anti-Human ALDH1L1 monoclonal antibody, clone 20I25M30 | H, M, R | ICC, IF, WB |
| DPAB-DC304 | Anti-ALDH1L1 (aa 803-902) polyclonal antibody | H | WB, ELISA |
Ndrg2 belongs to the family of N-myc down-regulated genes and is expressed in a variety of tissues throughout the body and central nervous system including glia. Reports show here that NDRG2 is located in the cytosol of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes throughout the mammalian brain, including Bergmann glia as observed in mouse, rat, tree shrew, marmoset and human. NDRG2 immunoreactivity is detectable in the astrocytic cell bodies and excrescencies including fine distal processes.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DCABH-5293 | Anti-NDRG2 monoclonal antibody, clone FQS22022(C) | H, M, R | IHC-P, WB |
| DPAB-DC1511 | Anti-NDRG2 polyclonal antibody | M | WB |
| DPAB-DC2579 | Anti-NDRG2 (aa 1-96) polyclonal antibody | H | WB, ELISA |
HES1 is expressed in both neuroepithelial cells and radial glial cells, both neural stem cells. Hes1 expression, along with that of Hes5, covers the majority of the developing embryo at embryonic day 10.5. HES1 influences the maintenance of certain stem cells and progenitor cells. Specifically, HES1 influences the timing of differentiation by repressing bHLH activators, and determines binary cell fate.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| CABT-L725 | Anti-HES1 monoclonal antibody, clone TD17-32 | H, M, R | WB, FC, ICC/IF, IHC |
| DPAB-DC1611 | Anti-HES1 (aa 36-142) polyclonal antibody | M | WB, ELISA |
| CABT-RM152 | Anti-HES1 monoclonal antibody, clone IT406B | H, M | IHC, ELISA |
NOTCH1 is one of four known genes encoding the NOTCH family of proteins, a group of receptors involved in the Notch signaling pathway. NOTCH proteins are characterized by N-terminal EGF-like repeats followed by LNR domains which form a complex with ligands to prevent signaling. Notch family members play a role in a variety of developmental processes by controlling cell fate decisions. The Notch signaling network is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling pathway that regulates interactions between physically adjacent cells.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| CABT-L3925 | Anti-Human NOTCH1 (Cleaved-Val1754) polyclonal antibody | H, M, R | WB, IHC, ELISA |
| DCABH-5140 | Anti-NOTCH1 monoclonal antibody, clone T364-43 | M, R | WB, ICC |
| DCABH-9081 | Anti-NOTCH1 monoclonal antibody, clone TK316 | H, M | WB, ICC/IF, IHC, IP, FC |
Galectin-3 has been shown to be involved in the following biological processes: cell adhesion, cell activation and chemoattraction, cell growth and differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Galectin-3 is increasingly being used as a diagnostic marker for different cancers. It can be screened for and used as a prognostic factor to predict the progression of the cancer.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DPAB-DC1839 | Anti-LGALS3 (full length) polyclonal antibody | H | WB, ELISA |
| DPABH-15551 | Anti-LGALS3 polyclonal antibody | H | ICC/IF, WB |
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is considered to be a highly specific marker for glia. It is a type III intermediate filament (IF) protein that is expressed by numerous cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), including astrocytes and ependymal cells during development.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DPABH-19078 | Anti-GFAP polyclonal antibody | H, R | WB, ELISA, IHC-P, ICC/IF |
| CPBT-66669GH | Anti-GFAP (C-terminal) polyclonal antibody | H, M, R, D | WB, ELISA |
| CABT-BL8484 | Anti-GFAP (C-terminal) monoclonal antibody, clone SN393 | H, M | IHC, WB |
SOX2, a HMG box transcription factor, a persistent marker for multipotential neural stem cells derived from embryonic stem cells, the embryo or the adult. SOX2 belongs to the family of SOXB1 factors and is a pivotal regulator of maintenance and induction of both PSCs and neural progenitor cells.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DMABT-H23512 | Anti-SOX2 monoclonal antibody, clone Cukdf | H | FC, ELISA, IHC-P, ICC, WB |
| DCABH-2131 | Anti-SOX2 monoclonal antibody, clone 4B3 | H | WB, ELISA, IHC-P |
| DCABH-5662 | Anti-SOX2 monoclonal antibody, clone 31H6 | H, M | IHC-P, IP, WB, FC, ICC/IF |
Transcription factor SOX-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOX9 gene. SOX9 is mostly localised in the nucleus and it is highly mobile. Several recent studies have suggested that the transcription factor SOX9 is highly enriched in astrocytes.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DCABH-7491 | Anti-SOX9 monoclonal antibody, clone TO85-10 | H, M, R | WB, ICC/IF, IHC, IP, FC |
| DCABH-7843 | Anti-SOX9 monoclonal antibody, clone FQS23866-61 | H | FC, ICC/IF, WB |
| DPAB-DC2942 | Anti-SOX9 (aa 400-509) polyclonal antibody | H | WB, ELISA |
S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) is a protein of the S-100 protein family. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100B has emerged as a candidate peripheral biomarker of blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and CNS injury.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DMABT-H27120H | Anti-S100B monoclonal antibody, clone TD68-13 | H, M, R, G, Z | WB, ICC/IF, IP, IHC |
| CABT-12099MH | Anti-S100B monoclonal antibody, clone 2C3 | H | WB, IHC, ELISA |
| DCABH-13354 | Anti-S100B monoclonal antibody, clone 2B20 | H | WB, ELISA |
The glutamate transporter GLAST is localized on the cell membrane of mature astrocytes and is also expressed in the ventricular zone of developing brains. Reports show that the glutamate transporter GLAST is expressed from radial glia through astrocytes during spinal cord development.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DCABH-7305 | Anti-SLC1A3 monoclonal antibody, clone 3H8d3 | R | WB, IHC, ELISA |
| DPABH-27425 | Anti-Human SLC1A3 polyclonal antibody | H, M, R | WB, IP, IHC, IF, ELISA |
| DPABH-02585 | Anti-Human SLC1A3 polyclonal antibody | H, M, R | WB |
The GLT-1 astroglial transporter is a glutamate transporter mainly involved in maintaining physiological extracellular glutamate concentrations. GLT-1 is expressed by morphologically distinct glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes, and its expression correlates with the status of neuron differentiation/maturation and activity. Defects in neurotransmitter glutamate transport may represent an important component of glutamate-induced neurodegenerative disorders (such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and CNS insults (ischemia and epilepsy).
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| CABT-38279MH | Anti-SLC1A2 monoclonal antibody, clone OTF | H | WB, ELISA |
| DCABH-6469 | Anti-Human GLT-1 monoclonal antibody, clone 0I0M28 | H, M, R | ICC, IF, WB |
| DPAB-DC2882 | Anti-SLC1A2 (aa 160-239) polyclonal antibody | H | WB, ELISA |
Species: H Human; M Mouse; R Rat; Z Zebrafish; X Xenopus laevis; B Bovine; C Cow; D Dog; P Pig; Q Quail; G Goat
References
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