Coxsackie Virus Antigens

Coxsackie virus belongs to a family of non-enveloped, linear, positive-sense and single-stranded RNA viruses. The viral particule contains no enzyme and no envelope. Its size is 22–30 nm. Coxsackieviruses belong to the Picornaviridae family, genus Enterovirus, group of human enteroviruses. They have two subgroups, named coxsackievirus A (CA) with 23 serotypes 1–24 (23 is missing) and coxsackievirus B (CB) with six serotypes 1–6. Coxsackie viruses commonly cause diseases in humans. Young children are the reservoir of the virus. CA viruses cause herpangina; hand, foot, and mouth disease; and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. CB viruses cause myopericarditis, epidemic pleurodynia, and systemic neonatal disease. Many reports regarding isolation of CB from surface or waste waters, soils, raw vegetables and shellfish have shown that these viruses are a major public health problem.

The RNA genome of Coxsackie virus contains two conservative non-coding regions at the ends and one coding region. The 5' terminal covalently binds a small molecule protein, named as Vpg (~ 7kDa), which regulates the viral RNA synthesis and genome assembly; The 5 'untranslated region of Coxsackie virus doesn't have poly pyrimidine and poly-C region while the 3' end possesses a poly A tail. Each capsid of viral particle has four capsid proteins, VP1-VP4, all of which have antigenic activity. VP1, VP2 and VP3 imbed at the surface of the virus capsid; once the virus VP1 binds to the receptor, VP4 of Coxsackie virus will change its conformation which changes the location from inside to outside of the viral capsid.

• Capsid protein VP0 is component of immature procapsids, which is cleaved into capsid proteins VP4 and VP2 after maturation. Allows the capsid to remain inactive before the maturation step.
• Capsid protein VP1 interacts with host CD55 and CXADR to provide virion attachment to target host cells. This attachment induces virion internalization. Capsid protein VP1 N-terminus (that contains an amphipathic alpha-helix) and capsid protein VP4 are externalized. Together, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which viral genome is translocated to host cell cytoplasm.
• Capsid protein VP4 is released, Capsid protein VP1 N-terminus is externalized, and together, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which the viral genome is translocated into the host cell cytoplasm.

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