A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head from blunt or penetrating trauma. The injury that occurs at the moment of impact is known as the primary injury.
Primary injuries can involve a specific lobe of the brain or can involve the entire brain. Sometimes the skull may be fractured, but not always. During the impact of an accident, the brain crashes back and forth inside the skull causing bruising, bleeding, and tearing of nerve fibers. A large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event; rather than improving after being hospitalized, some 40% of TBI patients deteriorate. Primary brain injury is not adequate to explain this deterioration; rather, it is caused by secondary injury, a complex set of cellular processes and biochemical cascades that occur in the minutes to days following the trauma.
Secondary injury events include damage to the blood–brain barrier, release of factors that cause inflammation, free radical overload, excessive release of the neurotransmitter glutamate (excitotoxicity), influx of calcium and sodium ions into neurons, and dysfunction of mitochondria. Injured axons in the brain's white matter may separate from their cell bodies as a result of secondary injury, potentially killing those neurons. Other factors in secondary injury are changes in the blood flow to the brain; ischemia (insufficient blood flow); cerebral hypoxia (insufficient oxygen in the brain); cerebral edema (swelling of the brain); and raised intracranial pressure (the pressure within the skull). As a result, cerebral perfusion pressure (the pressure of blood flow in the brain) is reduced; ischemia results.
S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) is a protein of the S-100 protein family. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100B has emerged as a candidate peripheral biomarker of blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and CNS injury. S-100B has been the most extensively studied biomarker for TBI thus far and has been incorporated into some clinical guidelines for CT scans. However, S-100B is not CNS-specific and has shown inconsistent predictive capacity in the outcome of mild TBI.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DMABT-H27120H | Anti-S100B monoclonal antibody, clone TD68-13 | H, M, R, G, Z | WB, ICC/IF, IP, IHC |
| CABT-12099MH | Anti-S100B monoclonal antibody, clone 2C3 | H | WB, IHC, ELISA |
| DCABH-13354 | Anti-S100B monoclonal antibody, clone 2B20 | H | WB, ELISA |
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is considered to be a highly specific marker for glia. It is a type III intermediate filament (IF) protein that is expressed by numerous cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), including astrocytes and ependymal cells during development.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DPABH-19078 | Anti-GFAP polyclonal antibody | H, R | WB, ELISA, IHC-P, ICC/IF |
| CPBT-66669GH | Anti-GFAP (C-terminal) polyclonal antibody | H, M, R, D | WB, ELISA |
| CABT-BL8484 | Anti-GFAP (C-terminal) monoclonal antibody, clone SN393 | H, M | IHC, WB |
The protein neuron-specific enolase (NSE), is expressed by mature neurons and cells of neuronal origin. Under normal physiological conditions, NSE is not secreted into extracellular space, however, during cellular injury or death, NSE can be both leaked into the extracellular space and up-regulated in response to the damaged neuronal tissue. NSE has been used as a biomarker in numerous pathological conditions in humans. NSE is also reported as a promising therapeutic target in acute spinal cord injury.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DPAB1979RH | Anti-NSE polyclonal antibody | H | IHC |
| DMAB-L21045 | Anti-Human NSE monoclonal antibody, clone 712 | H | ELISA |
| CABT-BL8799 | Anti-Enolase (NSE) polyclonal antibody | H | ELISA, IP, WB |
| CABT-L724 | Anti-NSE monoclonal antibody, clone TD17-39 | H, M, R, Z | WB, ICC, IHC, FC |
Species: H Human; M Mouse; R Rat; Z Zebrafish; X Xenopus laevis; B Bovine; C Cow; D Dog; P Pig; Q Quail
References
