Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Antigens

Hepatitis A Virus Antigen Products by Targets

The Hepatitis A virus (HAV), or Hepatovirus A, is a member of the viral family Picornaviridae. It takes human and vertebrates as its natural hosts. HAV achieves about 1.4 million worldwide symptomatic cases per year and is the cause of Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis, an acute infectious disease of the liver). HAV is different from other picornaviruses, it targets the liver and can continue act as a source of mortality even after a successful vaccine. HAV can't shut down the protein synthesis of host cells, which is also different from other picornaviruses. HAV is usually stable both physically and genetically. However, its codon usage is highly deoptimized and its growth in tissue culture is usually poor, which makes the HAV very difficult to study.
HAV isolates all belong to a single serotype, seven genetic groups now have been defined, four for humans (genotype number: I-III, and VII) and three for simian (genotype number: IV-VI). For human genotype I-III, six subtypes are identified as IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, and IIIB. Most of the human isolates belong to the genotype I, and genotype III have been reported to exist in both humans and simians.
HAV is a nonenveloped picornavirus which contains only a single-stranded RNA packed within a protein capsid. The structure of HAV capsid has been solved by X-Ray Crystallography in 2015. The large open reading frame present in HAV genome can be divided into three (P1-P3) functional regions. The P1 region encodes capsid polypeptides VP1-VP3 and the putative VP4. The P2 and P3 regions encode nonstructural proteins which are necessary for virus replication.

1. Capsid proteins P1 Capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 form a closed capsid enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome. Together they form an icosahedral capsid (T=3) composed of 60 copies of each VP1, VP2, and VP3, with a diameter of approximately 300 Angstroms. The naked capsid interacts with the host receptor HAVCR1 to provide virion attachment to and probably entry into the target cell. VP4 plays a role in the assembly of the 12 pentamers into an icosahedral structure.
2. Non-structural protein P2 Protein VP1-2A: Precursor component of immature procapsids that corresponds to an extended form of the structural protein VP1; Protein 2B: Functions as a viroporin; Protein 2C: Associates with and induces structural rearrangements of intracellular membranes.
3. Non-structural protein P3 The precursor 3ABC is targeted to the mitochondrial membrane where protease 3C activity cleaves and inhibits the host antiviral protein MAVS, thereby disrupting activation of IRF3 through the IFIH1/MDA5 pathway; Protein 3AB: Interacts with the 3CD precursor and with RNA structures found at both the 5'- and 3'-termini of the viral genome.

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