Synaptic vesicles play the central role in synaptic transmission. They are regarded as key organelles involved in synaptic functions such as uptake, storage and stimulus-dependent release of neurotransmitter. Synaptic vesicles are initially formed in the Golgi apparatus, where proteins critical for their function are synthesized and inserted into the plasma membrane. After budding from the Golgi, these vesicles use motor proteins called kinesins to travel down the axon along a cytoskeleton pathway made up of microtubules and actin, until they arrive at the nerve terminal.
SNARE proteins are the hypothetical universal fusion proteins that regulate docking of granules and vesicles to target membranes including the plasma membrane. Part of the motor assembly is in the vesicle membrane (v-SNAREs) and part is in the target membrane (t-SNAREs). During fusion many matched pairs of v- and t-SNAREs intertwine to pull opposing membranes close so that they fuse together. The neuronal SNARE proteins that are essential for regulated exocytosis are the neuroendocrine counterparts of a protein superfamily whose members are required for membrane trafficking and fusion reactions in the constitutive secretory pathway.
Synaptobrevins/VAMPs, syntaxins, and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein SNAP25 are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 1 is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family. Homozygous mutations in VAMP1 have been identified in a series of children affected with a form of congenital myasthenic syndrome and similar presynaptic features in these patients and the knock-out VAMP1 mouse have been demonstrated.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DMABT-H15205 | Anti-VAMP1 monoclonal antibody, clone 6B5 | H | WB, IHC, IF, ELISA |
| DCABH-2273 | Anti-VAMP1 monoclonal antibody, clone TQ22 | H, P | WB, ELISA, ICC/IF |
| DPABH-29013 | Anti-VAMP1 polyclonal antibody | R | WB, IP |
Cellubrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein-3 (VAMP-3) is is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein that is localized to endosomes throughout the endocytotic pathway and functions in constitutive exocytosis.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| CPBT-30748RH | Anti-VAMP3 (N-terminal) polyclonal antibody | H | WB, IF |
| CAB-442RM | Anti-VAMP3 monoclonal antibody, clone MAFB4160 | H | WB, ELISA |
| DCABH-10010 | Anti-VAMP3 monoclonal antibody, clone 3B3 | H, M | WB, ELISA |
Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAMP8 gene. VAMP8 is a SNARE involved in autophagy through the direct control of autophagosome membrane fusion with the lysososome membrane via its interaction with the STX17-SNAP29 binary t-SNARE complex. Phosphorylation of VAMP8 inside the conserved SNARE-domain can suppress vesicle fusion.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DPABH-28900 | Anti-Human VAMP8 polyclonal antibody | H, M, R | WB, ELISA |
| CABT-L866 | Anti-VAMP8 monoclonal antibody, clone KG1074 | H, M, R | WB, ICC/IF, IHC, IP, FC |
Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOSR2 gene. This gene encodes a trafficking membrane protein which transports proteins among the medial- and trans-Golgi compartments. Due to its chromosomal location and trafficking function, this gene may be involved in familial essential hypertension. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene. GOSR2 is a member of the Qb-SNARE family of vesicle docking proteins. Mutations in the GOSR2 gene are linked with North Sea progressive myoclonus epilepsy (NS-PME).
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DCABH-6942 | Anti-GOSR2 monoclonal antibody, clone 5DH0 | M | IP, WB, ICC/IF |
| DCABH-11770 | Anti-GOSR2 monoclonal antibody | H | WB, ELISA |
VAMPs (synaptobrevins) along with syntaxins and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and/or fusion of vesicles and cell membranes. The VAMP5 gene is a member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family and the SNARE superfamily. This VAMP family member may participate in vesicle trafficking events that are associated with myogenesis.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DPAB-DC295 | Anti-VAMP5 (aa 1-70) polyclonal antibody | H | WB, ELISA |
| CABT-B11772 | Anti-Human VAMP5 monoclonal antibody, clone 4E5 | H | WB, ELISA |
Synaptosomal-associated protein 23 (SNAP23), a soluble N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) molecule, is essential for secretory granule fusion in several cell lines. SNAP23 is involved in exocytotic events in diverse nonneuronal cells, such as surfactant release from alveolar epithelial cells, glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes, and Ig release from plasma cells.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DPABH-05208 | Anti-Human SNAP23 polyclonal antibody | H, M, R, G | WB, IP, IHC, IF, FC, ELISA |
| DPABH-27931 | Anti-SNAP23 (aa 193-210) polyclonal antibody | H, M, R | WB, ICC/IF, IHC-P, IP |
| CABT-B11459 | Anti-Human SNAP23 monoclonal antibody, clone 3G6-4E5 | H | WB, IHC, IP, ELISA |
SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa) is a soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein that participates together with syntaxin-1 and synaptobrevin/VAMP in the regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. In the absence of SNAP-25, vesicle docking at the presynaptic active zones persists, but the pool of vesicles primed for release is empty, and fast calcium-triggered exocytosis is abolished. Furthermore, by calcium-dependent interaction with synaptotagmin, SNAP25 has a role in vesicle docking and priming as well as in triggering fast exocytosis. Indeed the proteolytic cleavage of SNAP-25 by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs, serotypes A, C, and E) blocks exocytosis and neurotransmitter release, leading to the neuroparalysis characteristic of botulism.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DCABH-319 | Anti-SNAP25 monoclonal antibody, clone TQ23 | H | IHC-P, ELISA, WB |
| DCABH-873 | Anti-SNAP25 monoclonal antibody, clone 5D7 | H | WB, ICC/IF, FC |
| DCABH-8228 | Anti-SNAP25 monoclonal antibody, clone TNJ 92 | M, Ch | WB, IHC, ELISA |
Syntaxins are a family of membrane proteins primarily localized to the plasma membrane of the presynaptic active zone, of which syntaxin-1 is the primary form involved in vesicle fusion.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DPAB-DC2990 | Anti-STX1A (N-terminal) polyclonal antibody | M | WB, ELISA |
| DPABH-08356 | Anti-Human STX1A polyclonal antibody | H | WB, IHC |
| DCABH-5465 | Anti-STX1A monoclonal antibody, clone FQS22184(C) | H, M, R | WB, IP |
Syntaxin-2, also known as epimorphin, is expressed along the sinusoids, around the vessels, and in the mesenchyme near the ducts. It can stimulate cultured WB-F344 cells to form duct-like structures and orient the mitotic spindle of the proliferating cells.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DPABH-08399 | Anti-STX2 (full length) polyclonal antibody | H | WB, IP |
| DPABH-09023 | Anti-STX2 (aa 122-152) polyclonal antibody | H, M | WB, IHC |
| CABT-B1356 | Anti-STX2 monoclonal antibody, clone 6C7.2 | H | WB |
Species: H Human; M Mouse; R Rat; Z Zebrafish; X Xenopus laevis; B Bovine; C Cow; D Dog; P Pig; Q Quail; G Goat; Ch Chicken
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