Echovirus Antigens

Fig. 1 The structures of mature echovirus 30 (Wang K, et al. 2020)

Fig. 2 Genetic sequence alignment of echovirus 30 structural proteins VP1–4 (Dahm T, et al. 2018)

Echoviruses belong to the family of Picornaviridae, which is divided into five genera (aphthoviruses, cardioviruses, enteroviruses, hepatoviruses, and rhinoviruses) and includes a number of important human and animal pathogens. Echoviruses constitute one of the major groups of the genus Enterovirus and are associated with illnesses including neonates, rashes, respiratory infections, and myocarditis. Echovirus belongs to species human enterovirus B. And multiple serotypes are detected in sporadic cases or outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and frequently co-circulated with EV-A71 and CV-A16 in large epidemics, including Echovirus 3, Echovirus 4, Echovirus 5, Echovirus 6, Echovirus 7, Echovirus 9, Echovirus 11, Echovirus 16, Echovirus 17, Echovirus 18, Echovirus 24, Echovirus 25, Echovirus 30 and Echovirus 33. The predominant enterovirus types vary from year to year, with echovirus 30, echovirus 13, and echovirus 18 being the most frequently isolated in Europe and the United States over the past few years.
Laboratory diagnosis for echovirus was initially focused on classical method which required viral isolation from cell culture of clinical specimens. However, this method has its limitation whereby not all serotypes were able to grow in cell cultures. To date, multiple reverse transcription (RT-PCR) methods based on amplification of a portion of the VP1 capsid protein gene are being widely used as it provided a more sensitive, rapid and accurate platform for characterization and serotyping of echovirus.

Capsid protein VP1 forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. VP1 interacts with host cell receptor to provide virion attachment to target host cells. VP1 N-terminus (that contains an amphipathic alpha-helix) and VP4 are externalized, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which viral genome is translocated to host cell cytoplasm.
Capsid protein VP2 forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP1 and VP3.
Capsid protein VP3 forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP1 and VP2.
Capsid protein VP4 is released, Capsid protein VP1 N-terminus is externalized, and together, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which the viral genome is translocated into the host cell cytoplasm.

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References

Carrol ED, Beadsworth MB, Jenkins N, et al. (2006). Clinical and diagnostic findings of an echovirus meningitis outbreak in the north west of England. Postgraduate medical journal. 82(963), 60–64.
Hughes SA, Thaker HM, Racaniello VR. (2003). Transgenic mouse model for echovirus myocarditis and paralysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100(26), 15906–15911.
Auvinen P and Hyypia T. (1990). Echoviruses include genetically distinct serotypes. Journal of General Virology. 71(9), 2133–2139.
Wang K, Zhu L, Sun Y, et al. (2020). Structures of Echovirus 30 in complex with its receptors inform a rational prediction for enterovirus receptor usage. Nature Communications. 11(1).
Dahm T, Adams O, Boettcher S, et al. (2018). Strain-dependent effects of clinical echovirus 30 outbreak isolates at the blood-CSF barrier. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 15(1).

Viral Antigens