Influenza A Virus Antigens

Influenza A Virus Antigen Products by Targets

Influenza A virus (IAV) causes influenza symptom in birds and mammals, and belongs to the family of Orthomyxoviridae. There are several subtypes of influenza A virus. All subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 18 different known H antigens (H1 to H18) and 11 different known N antigens (N1 to N11). All strains of influenza A virus have been isolated from wild birds, and some isolates of them cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and, rarely, in humans. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry, and this may cause an outbreak or give rise to human influenza pandemics.

Influenza A virus possesses negative-sense, single-stranded, non-circle RNAs. The genome of it consists of eight independent fragments of which combines with ribonucleoprotein and form an RNA-protein complex. Each fragment contains a relatively conserved non-coding sequence and one open reading frame (ORF). The 13 nucleotides of the 5 'end of the gene were highly conserved and had the following sequence: 3'-GGAACAAAGAUGAppp-5', and also12 highly conserved nucleotides at the 3 'end: 3'-HO · UCGUCUuuCGUCC-5. The genome of influenza virus A contains 10 gene segments which separately encodes 10 proteins: PB1, PB2, PA, HA, 5-NP, NA, M and NS protein.

Hemagglutinin (HA)--Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is a homotrimeric glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses and is integral to its infectivity. HA is responsible for binding Influenza virus to sialic acid on the surface of target cells and the fusion of the viral envelope with the late endosomal membrane once exposed to low pH.

1. Neuraminidase (NA) The neuraminidase helps viruses to be released after budding from the plasma membrane of a host cell. Viral neuraminidase cleaves terminal sialic acid residues from glycan structures on the surface of the infected cell. This promotes the release of progeny viruses and the spread of the virus from the host cell to uninfected surrounding cells. Neuraminidase also cleaves sialic acid residues from viral proteins, preventing aggregation of viruses.
2. Nucleoprotein (NP) Influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) is a structural protein which encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA. NP is one of the main determinants of species specificity. The NP gene can cross the species barrier by reassortment and become adapted by mutation to the new host.
3. NS1 The NS1 influenza protein (NS1) is a viral nonstructural protein encoded by the NS gene segments of type A, B and C influenza viruses. Also encoded by this segment is the nuclear export protein (NEP), formally referred to as NS2 protein, which mediates the export of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes from the nucleus, where they are assembled.
4. M1 The M1 protein is a matrix protein of the influenza virus. It forms a coat inside the viral envelope. This is a bifunctional membrane/RNA-binding protein that mediates the encapsidation of RNA-nucleoprotein cores into the membrane envelope. It is therefore required that M1 binds both membrane and RNA simultaneously.

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