Epilepsy, a condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by the occurrence of repeated seizures along with a chronic complex of somatic, vegetative, and psychiatric symptoms. Throughout recent years, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the underlying etiopathogenesis of epilepsy, including neurodegeneration, disturbance of brain-blood barrier (BBB), amygdala dysregulation, alterations of the glutamatergic system, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and the epigenetic modification of DNA. Moreover, the majority of studies on inflammation and epilepsy indicate the important role of inflammatory markers in epileptogenesis through the dysregulation of cytokine balance in the CNS or through the complement pathway.
The role of finding novel markers in post-epileptic brain damage is a possible grasping point for the prevention of complications and for the development of targeted methods of treatment in the future. Biomarkers may play a role in individualized epileptic treatment, based on the patients' biomarker profile.
High mobility group box 1 protein, also known as high-mobility group protein 1 (HMG-1) and amphoterin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGB1 gene. It has recently emerged as a potential biomarker of epilepsy (30). It takes part in the immune response via activating macrophages and endothelial cells, leading to the release of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) by connecting to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and to TL4 (Toll-like receptor 4).
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| CABT-L4594 | Anti-Human HMGB1 monoclonal antibody, clone 20O21C8 | H, M | FC, IHC-P, WB |
| CABT-Z166R | Anti-Human HMGB1 polyclonal antibody | H, M, R | IHC-P, WB |
| DMABT-H13955 | Anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody, clone 2F7-F20 | H | WB, IHC, IF, ELISA |
Translocator protein (TSPO) is an 18 kDa protein mainly found on the outer mitochondrial membrane. TSPO is expressed in many parts of the body, amongst which microglia. Expression of TSPO is also linked to inflammatory responses that occur after ischemia-reperfusion injury, following hemorrhagic brain injury, and in some neurodegenerative diseases. In the post-status epilepticus model TSPO peaks around 2 weeks after the initial status epilepticus. TSPO binding is also increased in foci of pharmaco-resistant patients with focal-onset epilepsy.
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| CPBT-42719GM | Anti-TSPO (C-terminal) polyclonal antibody | M | WB |
| DPABH-09315 | Anti-TSPO (full length) polyclonal antibody | H | WB |
| CABT-L565 | Anti-TSPO monoclonal antibody, clone TB01-14 | H, M | WB, ICC/IF, IHC, IP, FC |
Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) also known as leukocytic pyrogen, leukocytic endogenous mediator, mononuclear cell factor, lymphocyte activating factor and other names, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1B gene. While IL-1 cytokines are constitutively expressed at very low levels in the human CNS, they are often elevated in the brain under certain pathological states such as during an active seizure, hypoxic injury, and during the process of an infection. A significant difference was found where the level of in IL-B in CSF was increased in patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures compared to the control group. The increased levels also show a significant positive correlation with the duration and frequency of seizures. Therapies for auto-inflammation including IL-1 blockade have been indicated in the treatment of refractory epilepsy .
| Cat. No | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
| DCABH-4744 | Anti-IL1B monoclonal antibody, clone 4F2 | H | WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF |
| DCABH-12004 | Anti-IL1B monoclonal antibody, clone 4B7 | H | WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA |
| DPABH-22623 | Anti-Human IL1B polyclonal antibody | H | WB, IHC, IF, ELISA |
Species: H Human; M Mouse; R Rat; Z Zebrafish; X Xenopus laevis; B Bovine; C Cow; D Dog; P Pig; Q Quail
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