High Risk HPV

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted virus, with approximately 13 million new cases diagnosed by doctors annually. This virus is primarily transmitted through skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sexual activity. While most types of HPV are low-risk and typically resolve independently without causing significant health issues, there are specific high-risk types of HPV that can lead to the development of cancer.

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Figure 1. Genome organization and life cycle of HPV.
(Source: Zayats, R. et al., 2022)

How does HPV Cause Cancer?

High-risk HPV infection can lead to uncontrolled replication and division of cervical cells, as well as disrupt their communication with each other. Normally, the immune system can recognize and control these infected cells. However, in some cases, the infected cells persist and continue to grow, forming an area of precancerous cells that can eventually develop into cancer if left untreated. Similar mechanisms are likely involved in HPV-caused cancers in other areas of the body.

Figure 2. HR-HPV infection cycle at the molecular level and progression to invasive cancer.
(Source: Kombe Kombe, A. J. et al., 2021)

Research indicates that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to progress to precancerous stages and approximately 20 years to develop into cancer. When cervical cells are infected with high-risk HPV, various factors increase the likelihood of persistent HPV infection and the formation of precancerous cells in the cervix. These factors include:

• Infection with highly aggressive HPV types, particularly HPV 16 or HPV 18 (Learn more about Recombinant HPV 16 and 18 Antigens)
• Having a weakened immune system or being immunocompromised
• Being infected with HIV
• Smoking
• Taking immunosuppressive medications, such as those used after organ transplantation or for the treatment of autoimmune diseases or cancer.

Preventing HPV Infection

Prevention plays a crucial role in reducing the burden of high-risk HPV-related diseases. Key preventive measures include:

• HPV vaccination: Vaccination is an effective strategy for preventing high-risk HPV infections. The HPV vaccine known as Gardasil 9 protects against nine types of HPV, including the seven types responsible for most HPV-related cancers (HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, HPV45, HPV52, and HPV58), as well as the two low-risk types that cause most cases of genital warts (HPV6 and HPV11). The vaccine is estimated to prevent up to 90% of HPV-related cancers and genital warts. Vaccination is recommended for both males and females before they become sexually active.
• Safe sexual practices: Consistent and correct use of barrier methods, such as condoms, during sexual activity can reduce the risk of HPV transmission. Limiting the number of sexual partners can also help minimize the risk.
• Regular screenings: Regular cervical screenings, including Pap smears and HPV tests, are essential for early detection of precancerous lesions or cancer caused by high-risk HPV infections. These screenings allow for timely intervention and appropriate management.