Anti-HSV type 1 Polyclonal antibody

Marennine, the blue pigment produced by the diatom Haslea ostrearia, exists in two different forms, the intra- and extracellular forms. We investigated the antibacterial, antiviral, and antiproliferative properties of both of these forms. Both forms of marennine inhibited the development of marine bacteria, in particular the pathogenic organism Vibrio aesturianus, at concentrations as low as 1 mu g/mL, but they did not display any effect on a wide range of pathogenic bacteria that are relevant for food safety. Both forms of the pigment produced by H. ostrearia also exhibited antiviral activity against the HSV1 herpes virus, with intra- and extracellular marennine having EC50 values of 24.0 and 27.0 mu g/mL, respectively. These values are 2 orders of magnitude higher than the value for the reference drug, Zovirax. Moreover, both forms of marennine were effective in slowing or inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. This study confirms the potential of marennine as a biologically active organic molecule, which could have a protective effect on bivalves, which filter seawater and fix the pigment on their gills. Moreover, marennine could be used in food engineering and chemistry as a natural blue pigment. However, despite that it is eaten and possibly assimilated by green oyster consumers, it also deserves in depth evaluation before being considered for use as a nutraceutical.

Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) have identified numerous genes that influence the risk for disease, the majority of the genetic variance of AD remains uncharacterized. Furthermore, current GWAS, despite their name, do not evaluate all genes in the human genome. One such gene complex is immunoglobulin GM (gamma marker) genes on chromosome 14. GM genes are excellent candidate genes for AD because they influence immunity to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), which has been implicated in AD pathology by an increasing number of reports. The aim of this investigation was to determine if particular GM genotypes were associated with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and whether they contributed to the interindividual differences in the level of anti-HSV1 IgG antibodies. A total of 141 HSV1 seropositive individuals-56 AD patients, 48 MCI individuals, and 37 sex- and age-matched healthy controls-were characterized for GM alleles 3, 17, and 23. The homozygosity for the GM 3 allele was significantly associated with MCI (p = 0.025). GM 3/17 heterozygous AD patients had significantly higher levels of anti-HSV1 antibodies than the healthy controls expressing the same genotype (p = 0.0004). Among MCI subjects, the GM 3/17 genotype was associated with significantly higher level of anti-HSV1 antibodies as compared to the GM 17/17 homozygous genotype (p(c) = 0.040). Among AD patients, the GM 23+/- genotype was significantly associated with anti-HSV1 antibody responses (p(c) = 0.025). These results suggest that GM genes could act as potential unifiers of the genetic and viral etiology of AD.