Anti-Aflatoxin B monoclonal antibody, clone N8022629

The incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in milk and milk products is a serious health hazard for human worldwide. Thus, the global monitoring of AFM1 in raw milk has been ongoing for decades. In this review, the occurrence of AFM1 in raw milk has been summarized worldwide in 32 countries date from 97 references over the past decade. The data from 28 references demonstrated that a great risk related to high AFM1 concentrations (above 500 ng/L) in raw milk exist in several countries. Furthermore, to minimize health risks associated with ubiquitous exposure to AFM1 contamination in milk, several detoxification methods have been tested to lessen the transfer of aflatoxins from feed (7.3-112 mu g/kg) to milk (190-1920 ng/L). Although most of them could lessen the concentrations of AFM1 in milk (76-1840 ng/L), these methods are still substandard relative to the EU limit (50 ng/L). The limitation of detoxification approaches in milk might suggest that comprehensive solutions should be implemented containing the standardization of legitimately harvest, storage, and lifetime of feedstuff, the application of detoxification methods, the establishment of official monitoring and regulatory limits, and so on.

In vitro assessment of genotoxicity as an early warning tool for carcinogenicity mainly relies on recording cytogenetic damages (micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges) in tumour-derived mammalian cell lines like V79 or CHO. The forecasting power of the corresponding standardised test is based on epidemiological evidence between micronuclei frequencies and cancer incidence. As an alternative to destructive staining of nuclear structures a fish stem cell line transgenic for a fusion protein of histone 2B (H2B) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was established. The cells are derived from koi carp brain (KCB) and distinguish from mammalian culturable cells by non-tumour-driven self-renewal. This technology enables the analysis of genotoxic- and malign downstream effects in situ in a combined approach. In proof-of concept-experiments, we used known carcinogens (4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide, colchicine, diethylstilbestrol, ethyl methanesulfonate) and observed a significant increase in micronuclei (MNi) frequencies in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration ranges for MNi induction were comparable to human/mammalian cells (i.e. VH-16, CHL and HepG2). Cannabidiol caused the same specific cytogenetic damage pattern as observed in human cells, in particular nucleoplasmic bridges. Metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1 and cyclophosphamide could be demonstrated by pre-incubation of the test compounds using either conventional rat derived S9 mix as well as an in vitro generated biotechnological alternative product ewoS9R. The presented high throughput live H2B-eGFP imaging technology using non-transformed stem cells opens new perspectives in the field of in vitro toxicology. The technology offers experimental access to investigate the effects of carcinogens on cell cycle control, gene expression pattern and motility in the course of malign transformation. The new technology enables the definition of Adverse Outcome Pathways leading to malign cell transformation and contributes to the replacement of animal testing. Summary: Complementation of genotoxicity testing by addressing initiating events leading to malign transformation is suggested. A vertebrate cell model showing "healthy" stemness is recommended, in contrast to malign transformed cells used in toxicology/oncocology.