Batch dependent - please inquire should you have specific requirements.
Buffer
0.01M pH7.4 PBS
Preservative
None
Storage
Shipped at 4°C. Upon delivery aliquot and store at -20°C. Avoid freeze / thaw cycles.
Antigen Description
dsDNA (double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of all cells and many viruses and is a polymer of nucleotides. The monomer consists of phosphorylated 2-deoxyribose N-glycosidically linked to one of four bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine. These are linked together by 3',5'-phosphodiester bridges. In the Watson-Crick double-helix model, two complementary strands are wound in a right-handed helix and held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
Keywords
dsDNA; double-stranded DNA; SLE; Lupus nephritis
Citations
Publication ()
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Background
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is composed of two complementary strands of nucleotides, which are connected through hydrogen bonds between specific base pairs (adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine). The stability and structure of dsDNA are vital for cellular processes such as replication, transcription, and genetic inheritance. In addition to its essential role in genetic information storage, dsDNA has garnered significant attention in the field of immunology and autoimmune diseases. In autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly perceives self-components as foreign and mounts an immune response against them. dsDNA has emerged as a critical autoantigen in several autoimmune conditions, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In SLE, the immune system produces antibodies, known as anti-dsDNA antibodies, that specifically target and bind to dsDNA molecules. These antibodies can form immune complexes with dsDNA, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, particularly in the kidneys. The presence and levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies are considered important diagnostic and prognostic markers for SLE, with their detection aiding in the assessment of disease activity and monitoring of treatment response.
Figure 1. Correlation coefficient between disease activity markers, damage index score, and serum anti-NCS antibodies in SLE. (Source: Gawad, E. R. A. et al., 2014)
The dsDNA [KLH] is a modified form of dsDNA conjugated to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH), a large protein carrier. This conjugation enhances the immunogenicity of the synthetic antigen, promoting the generation of specific antibodies against dsDNA. Researchers can utilize dsDNA [KLH] as an immunogen to generate polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize and bind to dsDNA. These antibodies enable the detection, quantification, and characterization of anti-dsDNA antibodies in various experimental settings, including immunoassays, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry.
1. Gawad E R A, et al. Role of anti-nucleosome antibodies in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus and as a marker for lupus nephropathy. The Egyptian Journal of Immunology. 2014, 21(1): 57-65.
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References
Anti-DNA antibodies-quintessential biomarkers of SLE
Antibodies that recognize and bind to DNA (anti-DNA antibodies) are serological hallmarks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and key markers for diagnosis and disease activity. In addition to common use in the clinic, anti-DNA antibody testing now also determines eligibility for clinical trials, raising important questions about the nature of the antibody–antigen interaction. At present, no 'gold standard' for serological assessment exists, and anti-DNA antibody binding can be measured with a variety of assay formats, which differ in the nature of the DNA substrates and in the conditions for binding and detection of antibodies. A mechanism called monogamous bivalency — in which high avidity results from simultaneous interaction of IgG Fab sites with a single polynucleotide chain — determines anti-DNA antibody binding; this mechanism might affect antibody detection in different assay formats. Although anti-DNA antibodies can promote pathogenesis by depositing in the kidney or driving cytokine production, they are not all alike, pathologically, and anti-DNA antibody expression does not necessarily correlate with active disease. Levels of anti-DNA antibodies in patients with SLE can vary over time, distinguishing anti-DNA antibodies from other pathogenic antinuclear antibodies. Elucidation of the binding specificities and the pathogenic roles of anti-DNA antibodies in SLE should enable improvements in the design of informative assays for both clinical and research purposes.
Self-dsDNA in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic and poly-aetiological autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies to autologous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) which serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The defective clearance of apoptotic material, together with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), provides abundant chromatin or self-dsDNA to trigger the production of anti-dsDNA antibodies, although the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In SLE patients, the immune complex (IC) of dsDNA and its autoantibodies trigger the robust type I interferon (IFN-I) production through intracellular DNA sensors, which drives the adaptive immune system to break down self-tolerance. In this review, we will discuss the potential resources of self-dsDNA, the mechanisms of self-dsDNA-mediated inflammation through various DNA sensors and its functions in SLE pathogenesis.
COA
Publication 
Figure 1. Correlation coefficient between disease activity markers, damage index score, and serum anti-NCS antibodies in SLE.
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