ELISA(Cap) We recommend the following for sandwich ELISA (Capture - Detection): CABT-L7856 - CABT-L7857
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Background
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a gram-positive bacterium belonging to the Staphylococcaceae family. It is a non-spore forming bacterium and is commonly found in the normal microbiota of individuals, colonizing areas such as the skin, nasal passages, and respiratory tract. However, pathogenic strains of S. aureus are capable of causing a wide range of infectious conditions in humans worldwide due to their ability to produce potent toxins.
One of the major causes of food poisoning is the production of enterotoxins by S. aureus. These toxins are heat stable and primarily affect the epithelium of the digestive tract. To date, over 30 different enterotoxins have been identified. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) is recognized as the most powerful enterotoxin within the Staphylococcal toxin family. The 28kDa SEB protein contains two distinct domains responsible for its two different functions. This protein functions as a virulence factor to facilitate the infection of the host organism and induce pathogenesis. One of its major virulence exotoxins is the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST), which is secreted upon successful invasion. TSST acts as a superantigen, activating a large fraction of T-cells by cross-linking MHC class II molecules and T-cell receptors. This causes a severe inflammatory response, leading to the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome.
SEB is a significant cause of foodborne infections and subsequent food poisoning. Clinical symptoms of SEB intoxication include fever, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, and, in severe cases, shock. Currently, there is no specific treatment available for SEB-mediated disease or shock. Although the condition is often self-limiting, supportive measures such as hydration are commonly required. Unfortunately, no licensed vaccine or antitoxin has been successfully developed to combat SEB-mediated diseases.
Alternative Names
Anti-Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B monoclonal antibody Anti-EntB monoclonal antibody Anti-Enterotoxin type B monoclonal antibody Anti-SEB monoclonal antibody Anti-Staph. aureus Enterotoxin B monoclonal antibody
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References
The staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) family: SEB and siblings
Staphylococcus aureus plays an important role in numerous human cases of food poisoning, soft tissue, and bone infections, as well as potentially lethal toxic shock. This common bacterium synthesizes various virulence factors that include staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). These protein toxins bind directly to major histocompatibility complex class II on antigen-presenting cells and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors, resulting in potentially life-threatening stimulation of the immune system. Picomolar concentrations of SEs ultimately elicit proinflammatory cytokines that can induce fever, hypotension, multi-organ failure, and lethal shock. Various in vitro and in vivo models have provided important tools for studying the biological effects of, as well as potential vaccines/therapeutics against, the SEs. This review succinctly presents known physical and biological properties of the SEs, including various intervention strategies. In particular, SEB will often be portrayed as per biodefense concerns dating back to the 1960s.
Prevalence and role of serum IgE antibodies to the StaphylococcuS aureus–derived superantigens SEA and SEB in children with atopic dermatitis
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Authors: Bunikowski, R., Mielke, M., Skarabis, H., Herz, U., Bergmann, R. L., Wahn, U., Renz, H.
Background: The skin of patients with atopic dermatitis exhibits a striking susceptibility to colonization and infection with Staphylococcus aureus. In this context it has been previously shown that S aureus–derived superantigens could function as classic allergens, inducing production of functionally relevant specific IgE antibodies. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the role of circulating staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)– and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)–specific IgE antibodies in children with atopic dermatitis. Methods: In a cross-sectional study of 58 children with atopic dermatitis, the presence of IgE antibodies to SEA and SEB was correlated with the severity of the disease and the total and other unrelated allergen-specific IgE titers and density of colonization with S aureus strains on atopic skin and episodes of superficial S aureus skin infections. Results: Twenty of 58 children (34%) were sensitized to superantigens (45% to SEB, 10% to SEA, 45% to SEA and SEB). In this group, severity of atopic dermatitis and levels of specific IgE to food and air allergens were significantly higher. The degree of disease severity correlated to a higher extent with the presence of SEA/SEB-specific antibodies than with total serum IgE levels. Density of colonization with superantigen-secreting S aureus strains was higher in the superantigen IgE-positive group. Sixty-three percent of these children experienced repeated episodes of superficialS aureus skin infections. Conclusions: Sensitization to S aureus–derived superantigens may be involved in disease exacerbation. The presence of SEA/SEB-specific antibodies had additional explanatory value for disease severity and therefore may be helpful in the characterization of children with severe atopic dermatitis.
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