Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) are bacteria that infect the intestinal tract and the blood. The disease is referred to as typhoid fever. S. Paratyphi bacteria cause a similar, but milder illness, which comes under the same title.
Keywords
Salmonella Typhi; S. Typhi; Salmonella
Inactivation
Formaldehyde inactivation
Citations
Publication ()
Have you cited DAG-WT526 in a publication? Let us know and earn a reward for your research.
Background
Typhoid is a common infectious disease in areas with poor economic development and limited public health infrastructure. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the pathogen of typhoid, the host is limited to human beings, with a monophyletic population structure. The use of antimicrobials is reshaping the current S. Typhi population and may promote the emergence of a specific haplotype that can better adapt to current environmental transmission and is more resistant to antibiotics. Human infection with Salmonella typhi usually occurs through the consumption of contaminated food and water. Upon entering the small intestine, the bacteria cross the intestinal epithelial barrier (possibly through microfold (M) cells) and are phagocytosed by macrophages and spread throughout the body, with the most common sites of infection being the ileum, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and gall bladder. The incubation period of typhoid fever is 1~2 weeks, the onset of the disease is slow, the body temperature rises, and there are persistent high fever, weakness, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, neutropenia, and other symptoms of toxicity, typical cases can appear rose rash, the course of the disease is 3~4 weeks, and some of the diseases continues to be excreted for 3 weeks~3 months, the main comorbidities are intestinal hemorrhage and intestinal perforation.
S. Typhi is an aerobic or partially anaerobic, gram-negative bacillus, about 1~3mm long and 0.4~0.9mm wide, with no spores, no pods, and with a circumferential flagellum capable of locomotion. It is a highly conserved serovar within subspecies 1 of the broader species S. enterica. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are widely distributed throughout the genome, and only a few genes accumulate multiple non-synonymous mutations, so there is almost no evidence of antigenic variation in Typhoidal Salmonella, which suggests that the infection is carried out through concealment or immune regulation.
Creative Diagnostics offers inactivated natural Salmonella typhi antigen that is formaldehyde inactivated for use in ELISA and IF. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any needs or concerns.
Alternative Names
S. Typhi antigen Typhi Salmonella antigen
References
1. Dougan G, et al. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and the pathogenesis of typhoid fever. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2014;68:317-36.
2. Jahan F, et al. The Complex Mechanism of the Salmonella typhi Biofilm Formation That Facilitates Pathogenicity: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jun 9;23(12):6462.
3. Gonzalez-Escobedo G, et al. Chronic and acute infection of the gall bladder by Salmonella Typhi: understanding the carrier state. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Jan;9(1):9-14.
My Review for Inactivated Native Salmonella typhi Antigen
Creative Diagnostics products are for RESEARCH USE ONLY, please make sure your review is research based.
Required fields are marked with *
Terms and conditions:
We will select high-quality review customers and offer a $30 coupon for your next purchase.
All product reviews must be submitted in the English language.
Creative Diagnostics will not share any personal information of applicants, and all information will be treated with strict confidentiality and will not be sold or disclosed to a third party.
References
Chronic Salmonella Typhi carriage at sites other than the gallbladder
Typhoid fever caused by infection with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi), an important public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries, is transmitted by ingestion of water or food contaminated by feces or urine from individuals with acute or chronic S. Typhi infection. Most chronic S. Typhi carriers (shedding for ≥12 months) harbor infection in their gallbladder wherein preexisting pathologies, particularly cholelithiasis, provide an environment that fosters persistence. Much less appreciated is the existence of non-gallbladder hepatobiliary chronic S. Typhi carriers and urinary carriers. The former includes parasitic liver flukes as a chronic carriage risk factor. Chronic urinary carriers typically have pathology of their urinary tract, with or without renal or bladder stones. Even as the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant S. Typhi strains is rising, global implementation of highly effective typhoid vaccines is increasing. There is also renewed interest in identifying, monitoring, and (where possible) treating chronic carriers who comprise the long-term reservoir of S. Typhi.
From Eberthella typhi to Salmonella Typhi: The Fascinating Journey of the Virulence and Pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhi
ACS Omega
Authors: Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D.
Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the invasive typhoidal serovar of Salmonella enterica that causes typhoid fever in humans, is a severe threat to global health. It is one of the major causes of high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. According to recent WHO estimates, approximately 11-21 million typhoid fever illnesses occur annually worldwide, accounting for 0.12-0.16 million deaths. Salmonella infection can spread to healthy individuals by the consumption of contaminated food and water. Typhoid fever in humans sometimes is accompanied by several other critical extraintestinal complications related to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, and hepatobiliary system. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 are the two genomic segments containing genes encoding virulent factors that regulate its invasion and systemic pathogenesis. This Review aims to shed light on a comparative analysis of the virulence and pathogenesis of the typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of S. enterica.
COA
Publication 
Figure 1. Typhoidal Salmonella infections
Loading ......
