Research Note: Rapid detection of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus with real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification
POULTRY SCIENCE
Authors: Wang, Wenjing; Wang, Chunguang; Zhang, Zichuang; Zhang, Peng; Yao, Shanshan; Liu, Jingru; Zhai, Xianghe; Zhang, Tie
Abstract
In this study, specific primers and fluorescent probes were designed to target the thymidine kinase (TK) gene sequence of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Through specificity and sensitivity tests, a real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification (RF-RAA) method for detecting ILTV was established. The results showed that the method was specific and could be used to accurately detect ILTV, and there was no cross-reaction with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza virus (AIV), or infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification had high sensitivity, and the lowest detectable limit (LDL) for ILTV could reach 10 copies/mL, 1,000 times more sensitive than conventional PCR (104 copies/mL), to rival that of real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR (RFQ-PCR) (10 copies/mL). This method and RFQ-PCR were used to detect 96 samples of chicken throat swabs with ILT initially diagnosed in clinic from the north of China, and the coincidence rate of the 2 methods was 100%. The RF-RAA reaction required only 20-30 minutes to completing, and its sensitivity was much higher than that of conventional PCR. Real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification is similar to RFQ-PCR and has the advantages of specificity, sensitivity, and high efficiency, so it is suitable for early clinical detection and epidemiological investigation of ILTV.
The challenges of teaching strategic management: Including the institution based view
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
Authors: Napshin, Stuart A.; Marchisio, Gaia
Abstract
Dealing with the institutional differences is increasingly important in the globalizing world economy. While an Institutional Based View (IBV) is gaining prominence in strategic management scholarship, it is under-represented in strategic management courses. The resource based view (RBV) and Industrial Organization Economics (IO) commonly represented by Porter's Five Forces, remain the significant theories within strategic management courses in the U.S. We summarize the tenants of the Institutional Based View, demonstrate how it relates to the Resource Based View and Industrial Organization Economics and present an experiential exercise for introducing basic aspects of the IBV in the strategic management classroom. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.