Anti-PIV type 2 F-protein Monoclonal antibody, Clone QJW3-2/8

Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV-1) infections are a common cause of ''croup'' and hospitalizations among young children, yet no vaccine is yet available. Sendai virus (mouse PIV-1) is the closest known homologue of hPIV-1. Here we address the possibility of using a xenotropic, nonpathogenic PIV as a vaccine in infants, by assessing the efficacy of hPIV-1 vaccination of infant mice against a subsequent challenge with Sendai virus. hPIV-1 was administered intranasally to mice age 3-6 days and shown by serum antibody ELISA and elispot analysis to elicit virus-specific IgM and isotype-switched antibody-forming cells (AFC). The response was completely cross-reactive between hPIV-1 and Sendai virus. Mice were challenged with Sendai virus 6-8 weeks later and generated AFC and serum antibody responses composed of IgM, as well as IgG and IgA, unlike challenged, age-matched controls. The high IgM response among AFC was not seen in mice primed as adults with hPIV-1 and challenged with Sendai virus. The hPIV-1 priming of infant mice afforded protection, as the majority of these mice survived the lethal Sendai virus challenge, as did all adult primed animals. These data support the notion that the unmodified xenotropic Sendai virus might function effectively in human infants as a vaccine against hPIV-1. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.

We have recently proposed a new method to extract the three-dimensional (3D) velocity vector data from double-exposure holographic particle image velocimetry (HPIV), which we call the digital shearing method. In contrast to the full 3D correlation, it has been shown that all three components (3Cs) of particle image displacement can be retrieved using six two-dimensional fast Fourier transform operations and appropriate coordinate transformations. In this paper we demonstrate the capabilities of this approach on actual HPIV data. The holographic recording method described uses an imaging system to record a hologram of high numerical aperture using a conventional 35 mm film. The holograms are digitized and particle images are reconstructed numerically. From particle images reconstructed from separate holograms, we illustrate the analysis process by computing the 3Cs of particle image displacement in a step-by-step manner.