House Anti-Virus Haemagglutinin Heterohybridoma [BGSD 96E7]

In this study, a solvothermal method at the temperature of 180 degrees C for 4 h was used for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite-reduced graphene oxide (HA-rGO) nanopowders by employing the nitrogen gas injection. To synthesize the powders, a solvent containing dimethylformamide, anhydrous ethanol, diethylene glycol, and water was used (1:1:1:2, respectively). Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and diammonium hydrogenphosphate were used as calcium and phosphate precursors, respectively. The synthesized powders were consolidated by a high-frequency induction heat sintering method. The powders and sintered samples were then evaluated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Vickers indentation technique, and biocompatibility assay. The findings of this study showed that the final powders synthesized by the solvothermal method had calcium to phosphate ratio of about 1.67. The high frequency induction heat sintering method was suitable for consolidating these powders and exhibited a higher relative density than other methods. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite were higher than those of pure HA. In biological experiments the difference of HA effect in comparison with the nanocomposite was not significant and both were biocompatible. [GRAPHICS] .

Introduction. - Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TSG-6) is member of the hyaluronan-binding protein family (hyaladherins) to which CD44 also belongs. Inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha ) and interteukin-1 (1L-1) stimulate TSG-6 production. Recently, however, externally applied TSG-6 has been shown to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory dry eye. On the other hand, it is still unknown whether TSG-6 is naturally present in human corneal epithelium. Material and methods. - Corneal sections of 15 eyes enucleated for posterior segment uveal melanoma were immunohistochemically stained for hyaluronic acid (HA), CD44, and TSG-6. Results. - Throughout the corneal epithelium of all sections, CD44 and hyaluronic acid were detected most intensely in the basal epithelial layer. Whereas the presence of HA was intense even in the cytoplasm of the cells, CD44 was located predominantly at the cell membranes. The intensity of the specific staining decreased towards the surface, where CD44 was barely detectable. Hyaluronic acid was, on the other hand, detectable in the extracellular matrix and cells, even at the surface. TSG-6 like immunoreactivity was detected in all sections in a pattern similar to CD44 but much more distinct and intense, with a marked localization in the cell membranes and intercellular spaces, i.e., extracellular matrix. TSG-6 like immunoreactivity was clearly detectable through all cell layers of the corneal epithelium. All control sections were negative. Discussion. - Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 (TSG-6)- like protein is present in human corneal epithelium. It might be a natural component of this tissue which is constantly exposed and mechanically traumatized, and displays localization with similarities to that of CD44. The immunohistological detection of HA as major component of the ECM and epithelial tissue only confirms the results of earlier studies. However, the simultaneous presence and colocalization of CD44 and TSG-6, both HA-binding proteins, requires further investigation of the individual role, regulation and interaction of this system. Conclusion. - The detection of TSG-6 in human corneal epithelium in the absence of inflammation underlines the importance of normal mechanical forces on the gene expression and regulation of this protein in ocular surface tissues. Given the relationship between inflammation and the protein, TSG-6 may be a major unknown and underestimated player in the regulation of the inflammation encountered in the presence of ocular surface desiccation and dry eye disease. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.