Batch dependent - please inquire should you have specific requirements.
Buffer
0.01M pH7.4 PBS
Preservative
None
Storage
Shipped at 4°C. Upon delivery aliquot and store at -20°C. Avoid freeze / thaw cycles.
Antigen Description
Vitamin D is a groupof fat-soluble secosteroids, the two major physiologically relevant forms ofwhich are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D2 or D3 or both. Vitamin D3is produced in the skin of vertebrates after exposure to ultraviolet B lightfrom the sun or artificial sources, and occurs naturally in fish and a fewother foods. In some countries, staple foods such as milk, flour andmargarine are artificially fortified with vitamin D, and it is also availableas a supplement in pill form. Light-exposed mushrooms may provide up to 100%of the recommended Daily Value of vitamin D
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Background
Vitamin D is essential for normal bone mineralization in children, there is a high incidence of rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency, and children with diseases that result in reduced vitamin D production or absorption are also at higher risk of developing nutritional rickets. The vitamin D endocrine system maintains the balance of phosphorus and calcium in the body, which is important for bone health. It is also involved in physiological processes related to cell growth and differentiation, immune response and cardiovascular function. Vitamin D3 is indicative of a normal vitamin D endocrine system, but clinical applications generally use serum levels of calcifediol or 25(OH)D to assess the trophic status of the system. 25(OH)D has a long half-life and high concentration, and is a reliable biomarker of the trophic status of the endocrine system in response to vitamin D.
7-dehydrogenated cholesterol in the skin is converted to vitamin D3 under ultraviolet light, and vitamin D metabolites in the blood bind to vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and albumin. Vitamin D3 undergoes hydroxylation at the hepatic site to produce 25(OH)D3, followed by a second hydroxylation, mainly in the kidney, to produce calcitriol, which mediates most of the physiological activities by stimulating the vitamin D receptor. A number of genetic factors affect normal vitamin D status, such as abnormalities in genes closely related to the synthesis, activation, and degradation of vitamin D3 affecting serum calcifediol expression levels. Variants in the CYP2R1 gene lead to decreased calcifediol expression levels, and mutations in the VDR gene or interference with the function of the VDR gene lead to the development of vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2A or 2B.
Figure 1. Schematic representation of VDES metabolism and the main genes involved (Source: Castano L, et al. 2022)
Other factors that can influence the vitamin D nutritional status of children include sun exposure, pregnancy, and obesity. The amount of sunlight exposure affects vitamin D synthesis in the skin, and different skin colors are exposed for different periods of time and to different degrees to ensure that serum levels of 25(OH)D are high enough. Some measures to reduce sun exposure, such as excessive use of sunscreen and reduced outdoor activity, also increase the risk of health problems related to vitamin D deficiency. Pregnancy and breastfeeding are critical periods of high vitamin D requirements, and in exclusively breastfed infants it should be ensured that the daily vitamin D intake is not less than 400 IU. A lack of calcifediol during pregnancy may increase the prevalence of neonatal hypocalcemia, and preterm infants are at higher risk of rickets because they have low concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and 25(OH)D. Excessive fat accumulation in children is closely associated with calcifediol deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammatory processes that occur in obese children and can affect insulin secretion and resistance.
Alternative Names
25(OH)D 25(OH) Vitamin D
References
1. Castano L, et al. 25(OH)Vitamin D Deficiency and Calcifediol Treatment in Pediatrics. Nutrients. 2022 Apr 29;14(9):1854.
2. Rios-Leyvraz M, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D threshold and risk of rickets in young children: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis to inform the development of dietary requirements for vitamin D. Eur J Nutr. 2024 Apr;63(3):673-695.
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References
A comprehensive genetic and epidemiological association analysis of vitamin D with common diseases/traits in the UK Biobank
GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
Authors: Ye, Yixuan; Yang, Hongxi; Wang, Yaogang; Zhao, Hongyu
Vitamin D has been intensively studied for its association with human health, but the scope of such association and the causal role of vitamin D remain controversial. We aim to comprehensively investigate the links between vitamin D and human health through both epidemiological and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. We examined the epidemiological associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and 90 diseases/traits in 326,409 UK Biobank (UKBB) Europeans. The causal relations between 25(OH)D and 106 diseases/traits were investigated by performing MR analysis using genome-wide significant 25(OH)D-associated variants (N = 143) from the largest UKBB GWAS to date. In epidemiological analysis, we found 25(OH)D was associated with 45 diseases/traits across cardiovascular/metabolic diseases, psychiatric/neurological diseases, autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, cancer, musculoskeletal diseases, and quantitative traits. In MR-analysis, we presented evidence suggesting potential causal role of 25(OH)D in increasing height (beta = .064, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.019-0.11) and preventing the risk of ovarian cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93-0.99), multiple sclerosis (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94-0.98), leg fracture (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.45-0.80) and femur fracture (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.32-0.84). These findings confirmed associations of vitamin D with a broad spectrum of diseases/traits and supported the potential causal role of vitamin D in promoting health.
Strategies for the Synthesis of 19-nor-Vitamin D Analogs
1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3[1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)-D-3], the hormonally active form of vitamin D-3, classically regulates bone formation, calcium, and phosphate homeostasis. In addition, this hormone also exerts non-classical effects in a wide variety of target tissues and cell types, such as inhibition of the proliferation and stimulation of the differentiation of normal and malignant cells. However, to produce these actions, supraphysiological doses are required resulting in calcemic effects that limit the use of this natural hormone. During the past 30 years, many structurally modified analogs of the 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)-D(3)have been synthesized in order to find derivatives that can dissociate the beneficial antiproliferative effects from undesired calcemic effects. Among these candidates, 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3)analogs have shown promise as good derivatives since they show equal or better activity relative to the parent hormone but with reduced calcemic effects. In this review, we describe the synthetic strategies to obtain the 19-nor-D(3)derivatives and briefly describe their physiological activities.
COA
Publication 
Figure 1. Schematic representation of VDES metabolism and the main genes involved
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