Batch dependent - please inquire should you have specific requirements.
Buffer
0.01M pH7.4 PBS
Preservative
None
Storage
Shipped at 4°C. Upon delivery aliquot and store at -20°C. Avoid freeze / thaw cycles.
Antigen Description
Vitamin D is a groupof fat-soluble secosteroids, the two major physiologically relevant forms ofwhich are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D2 or D3 or both. Vitamin D3is produced in the skin of vertebrates after exposure to ultraviolet B lightfrom the sun or artificial sources, and occurs naturally in fish and a fewother foods. In some countries, staple foods such as milk, flour andmargarine are artificially fortified with vitamin D, and it is also availableas a supplement in pill form. Light-exposed mushrooms may provide up to 100%of the recommended Daily Value of vitamin D
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Background
Serum 25(OH)D reflects free vitamin D metabolites well and is therefore considered the best marker for assessing vitamin D status, some investigators have suggested that serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations below 75 nmol/L are defined as vitamin D deficiency, with thresholds around 25 or 30 nmol/L increasing the risk of osteochondrosis and nutritional rickets. It is worth noting that there are variations in the definition of the threshold for vitamin D deficiency by different research organizations and expert bodies, in general, based on bone health, most define 50 nmol/L as the amount of vitamin D required for a normal healthy person
Vitamin D contains two forms, vitamin D2 and D3, with vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) produced by plants and fungi and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) produced by animals. Vitamin D3 can be synthesized at the skin site by light exposure or is present in dietary fish rich in fats. Ingested vitamin D is bound to chylomicrons, which enter the circulation and are converted to 25(OH)D by enzymes such as CYP2R1 and CYP27A1 in the liver. 25(OH)D has a serum half-life of 2-3 weeks and binds stably to blood vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). In the kidney, post-filtration 25(OH)D bound to VDBP is endocytosed by megalin/cubilin receptors in the proximal renal tubule. It is hydroxylated again in the presence of CYP27B1 to form the biologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D. Bioactive vitamin D works by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to either initiate or inhibit gene transcription. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D metabolizes 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D into water-soluble inactive forms by enhancing CYP24A1 expression, thereby stimulating their own destruction.
Figure 1. Simplified metabolism of vitamin D (Source: Ramasamy I. 2020)
Most guidelines recommend oral vitamin D3 for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency, and a fixed loading dose of vitamin D should be taken if symptomatic vitamin D deficiency is present or if treatment with a potent antiresorptive agent is about to be initiated. 50,000 IU weekly or daily for 6 to 10 months for 6 months for a total of 300,000 IU; 40,000 IU weekly for 7 months for a total of 280,000 IU; and 4,000 IU daily for 10 months for a total of 280,000 IU. Subsequent maintenance doses of 800-2000 IU daily or occasionally 4000 IU daily in high dose or intermittent administration. Excessive amounts of vitamin D can cause vitamin D toxicity, which often manifests itself in systemic and organ disorders of the nervous system, digestive system, cardiovascular system, and kidneys.
Alternative Names
25(OH)D 25(OH) Vitamin D
References
1. Ramasamy I. Vitamin D Metabolism and Guidelines for Vitamin D Supplementation. Clin Biochem Rev. 2020 Dec;41(3):103-126.
2. Amrein K, et al. Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020 Nov;74(11):1498-1513.
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References
Suboptimal Serum 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Is Associated with a History of Recent Disease Exacerbation in Pediatric Patients with Bronchial Asthma or Asthma-Suggestive Recurrent Wheezing
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Even though vitamin D is widely acknowledged as having a potential immunomodulatory role in asthma, its exact beneficial mechanisms are yet to be clarified. An optimal serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH-VitD) level in pediatric asthma patients might not rely solely on the effect of dose-dependent vitamin D-3 intake, but might also be influenced by factors related to insufficient asthma control. We aimed to survey the prevalence of serum 25-OH-VitD deficiency and analyze whether suboptimal levels were associated with asthma severity factors. The current cross-sectional study enrolled 131 pediatric asthma or asthma-suggestive recurrent wheezing patients, for whom serum 25-OH-VitD, IgE, and eosinophil count were assessed. The prevalence of suboptimal serum 25-OH-VitD was 58.8%. A suboptimal vitamin D status was associated with asthma exacerbation in the previous month (p = 0.02). Even under seasonal oral vitamin D-3 supplementation, patients with a positive history of asthma attack in the previous four weeks presented significantly lower serum 25-OH-VitD concentrations, compared to their peers with no disease exacerbation. In conclusion, sequential measurements of serum 25-OH-VitD might prove useful for future studies evaluating the dynamic changes in vitamin D-3 status in regard to asthma, especially in symptomatic patients.
Reasons to avoid vitamin D deficiency during COVID-19 pandemic
ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY METABOLISM
Authors: dos Santos, Rodrigo Nolasco; Maeda, Sergio Setsuo; Jardim, Jose Roberto; Lazaretti-Castro, Marise
The effects of vitamin D on the musculoskeletal system are well established. Its deficiency causes osteomalacia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and an increased risk for fractures and falls. However, clinical and experimental evidence points to extra-skeletal actions of vitamin D, including on immune and respiratory systems.Thus, during this COVID-19 pandemic, a possible deleterious role of vitamin D deficiency has been questioned.This paper aims to present a brief review of the literature and discuss, based on evidence, the role of vitamin D in the lung function and in the prevention of respiratory infections. Relevant articles were searched in the databases MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO/LILACS. The mechanisms of vitamin D action in the immune system response will be discussed. Clinical data from systematic reviews and meta-analyses show benefits in the prevention of respiratory infections and improvement of pulmonary function when vitamin D-deficient patients are supplemented. At the time of writing this paper, no published data on vitamin D supplementation for patients with COVID-19 have been found. Vitamin D supplementation is recommended during this period of social isolation to avoid any deficiency, especially in the context of bone outcomes, aiming to achieve normal values of 25(OH)D. The prevention of respiratory infections and improvement of pulmonary function are additional benefits observed when vitamin D deficiency is treated. Thus far, any protective effect of vitamin D specifically against severe COVID-19 remains unclear. We also emphasize avoiding bolus or extremely high doses of vitamin D, which can increase the risk of intoxication without evidence of benefits.
COA
Publication 
Figure 1. Simplified metabolism of vitamin D
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