Anti-CFH monoclonal antibody, clone M30/4 [Biotin]

IMPORTANCE In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), rare variants in the complement system have been described, but their functional consequences remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES To identify new rare variants in complement genes and determine the functional effect of identified variants on complement levels and complement regulation in serum samples from carriers and noncarriers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study evaluated affected (n = 114) and unaffected (n = 60) members of 22 families with AMD and a case-control cohort consisting of 1831 unrelated patients with AMD and 1367 control individuals from the European Genetic Database from March 29, 2006, to April 26, 2013, in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and Cologne, Germany. Exome sequencing data of families were filtered for rare variants in the complement factor H (CFH), complement factor I (CFI), complement C9 (C9), and complement C3 (C3) genes. The case-control cohort was genotyped with allele-specific assays. Serum samples were obtained from carriers of identified variants (n = 177) and age-matched noncarriers (n = 157). Serum concentrations of factor H (FH), factor I (FI), C9, and C3 were measured, and C3b degradation ability was determined. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Association of rare variants in the CFH, CFI, C9, and C3 genes with AMD, serum levels of corresponding proteins, and C3b degradation ability of CFH and CFI variant carriers. RESULTS The 1831 unrelated patients with AMD had a mean (SD) age of 75.0 (9.4) years, and 60.5% were female. The 1367 unrelated control participants had a mean (SD) age of 70.4 (7.0), and 58.7% were female. All individuals were of European descent. Rare variants in CFH, CFI, C9, and C3 contributed to an increased risk of developing AMD (odds ratio, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.47-2.82; P <.001). CFI carriers had decreased median FI serum levels (18.2 mu g/mL in Gly119Arg carriers and 16.2 mu g/mL in Leu131Arg carriers vs 27.2 and 30.4 mu g/mL in noncarrier cases and controls, respectively; both P <.001). Elevated C9 levels were observed in Pro167Ser carriers (10.7 mu g/mL vs 6.6 and 6.1 mu g/mL in noncarrier cases and controls, respectively; P <.001). The median FH serum levels were 299.4 mu g/mL for CFH Arg175Gln and 266.3 mu g/mL for CFH Ser193Leu carriers vs 302.4 and 283.0 mu g/mL for noncarrier cases and controls, respectively. The median C3 serum levels were 943.2 mu g/mL for C3 Arg161Trp and 946.7 mu g/mL for C3 Lys155Gln carriers vs 874.0 and 946.7 mu g/mL for noncarrier cases and controls, respectively. The FH and FI levels correlated with C3b degradation in noncarriers (R2 = 0.35 and R2 = 0.31, respectively; both P <.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Reduced serum levels were associated with C3b degradation in carriers of CFI but not CFH variants, suggesting that CFH variants affect functional activity of FH rather than serum levels. Carriers of CFH (Arg175Gln and Ser193Leu) and CFI (Gly119Arg and Leu131Arg) variants have an impaired ability to regulate complement activation and may benefit more from complement-inhibiting therapy than patients with AMD in general.

Water vapor (H2O) is the strongest greenhouse gas in our atmosphere. Hence, accurate measurements and a correct representation in global models of H2O in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) are important for understanding and projecting climate. Here we compare balloon-borne measurements of UTLS H2O, performed by cryogenic frostpoint hygrometers (CFH) and meteorological radiosondes (Vaisala RS41) during two intensive field campaigns in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone region, with humidity data from three products of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF): operational analysis and forecast (termed OPERA), ERA-Interim reanalysis, and the newly released ERA5 reanalysis. Taking CFH as a reference, we show that OPERA and ERA5 provide a more accurate representation of UTLS H2O than ERA-Interim. In particular, OPERA and ERA5 similarly overestimate H2O mixing ratios by on average 0.7-0.8 ppmv (14-15%) and 0.7-0.9 ppmv (15-17%) at pressures 60-100 hPa, respectively, and both provide a good representation of the observed vertical distribution (including fine structures) and natural variability of UTLS H2O. In contrast, ERA-Interim underestimates UTLS H2O by 0.6-1.7 ppmv (14-30%), and it fails to capture relevant features of the vertical distribution of UTLS H2O. At pressures (p) lower than 60 hPa, all three ECMWF products are in good agreement with CFH. Humidity measurements by RS41 show an average dry bias of 0.1-0.5 ppmv (3-9%) compared to CFH for 60-100 hPa, and a moist bias increasing with altitude for p < 60 hPa, exceeding 100% for p < 40 hPa.