Anti-Salmonella A, B, D and E monoclonal antibody

The protection conferred by a first infection upon a second pathogenic exposure (i.e. immune priming) is an emergent research topic in the field of invertebrate immunity. Immune priming has been demonstrated in various species, but little is known about the intrinsic factors that may influence this immune process. In this study, we tested whether age, gender and the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia affect the protection resulting from immune priming in A. vulgare against S. enterica. We firstly primed young and old, symbiotic and asymbiotic males and females, either with a non-lethal low dose of S. enterica, LB broth or without injection (control). Seven days post-injection, we performed a LD50 injection of S. enterica in all individuals and we monitored their survival rates. We demonstrated that survival capacities depend on these three factors: young and old asymbiotic individuals (males and females) expressed immune priming (S. enterica-primed individuals survived better than LB-primed and non-primed), with a general decline in the strength of protection in old females, but not in old males, compared to young. When Wolbachia is present, the immune priming protection was observed in old, but not in young symbiotic individuals, even if the Wolbachia load on entire individuals is equivalent regardless to age. Our overall results showed that the immune priming protection in A. vulgare depends on individuals' states, highlighting the need to consider these factors both in mechanistical and evolutionary studies focusing on invertebrate's immunity.

Up-scaling of solar processes for water purification is a key challenge for their implementation at industrial scale on the agro-food sector. Benefits of using flow-tubular reactors provided with Compound Parabolic Collector mirrors have been previously demonstrated, nevertheless some techno-economic aspects still being unknown. This study shows a comparative analysis of the treatment efficiency of H2O2/solar, Fe3+-EDDHA/solar and Fe3+-EDDHA/H2O2/solar as novel processes for treating synthetic fresh-cut wastewater (SFCWW) containing 100 NTU of turbidity. The highest treatment capability was obtained with Fe3+-EDDHA/H2O2/solar (2.5/20 mg/L-Fe3+-EDDHA/H2O2), attaining the fastest microbial inactivation kinetics (> 5-log of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis) and organic microcontaminants (OMCs) degradation (36 % of 5 OMCs) in 60 and 120 min, respectively. Treated SFCWW by Fe3+-EDDHA/H2O2/solar process fits microbiological quality established in water reuse guidelines for irrigation, no bacterial reactivation after 24 h post-treatment, no significant ecotoxicity and treatment cost was estimated as 1.10 (only disinfection) and 2.10 (sic)/m(3) (simultaneous disinfection and decontamination).