Armenian Hamster IgG Isotype Control [PE-eFluor® 610]

Aim: To analyze and quantify the 2018 dengue outbreak which occurred in district Shangla, Pakistan. Materials & methods: 964 suspected dengue samples were collected and examined for clinical manifestation and laboratory markers. Results: In all, 375 suspected cases were confirmed with dengue virus infection using nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antigen, immunoglobulin M (IgM) & Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and real-time PCR whereas PCR was 92.2% sensitive. The most prevalent serotype was dengue virus 3 (60.26%). The male/female ratio was 1.84 and the most highly affected tehsil was Alpuri. The most affected age group was 16-40 years (70.4%). A significant number of cases were reported in September (48.54%). Conclusion: Recurrence of the dengue outbreaks in the study area could alarmingly increase the mortality rate, therefore, proper measures are essential to control dengue epidemics in the future.

With the emergence of multidrug resistantSalmonellastrains, the development of anti-Salmonellavaccines is an important task. Currently there are no approved vaccines againstSalmonellaParatyphi A, the leading cause of paratyphoid fever. To fill this gap, oligosaccharides corresponding to theO-polysaccharide repeating units from the surface ofSalmonellaParatyphi A have been synthesized through convergent stereoselective glycosylations. The synthetic glycan antigen was conjugated with a powerful immunogenic carrier system, the bacteriophage Q beta. The resulting construct was able to elicit strong and long-lasting anti-glycan IgG antibody responses, which were highly selective towardSalmonellaParatyphi A associated glycans. The availability of well-defined glycan antigen enabled the determination that one repeating unit of the polysaccharide is sufficient to induce protective antibodies, and the paratose residue and/or theO-acetyl modifications on the backbone are important for recognition by antibodies elicited by a Q beta-tetrasaccharide conjugate. Immune sera provided excellent protection to mice from lethal challenge withSalmonellaParatyphi A, highlighting the potential of the synthetic glycan-based vaccine.