Gentamicin (CN) MIC Strip

Chronic kidney disease remains as one of the serious health issues in South Asia. The paucity of effective pharmacotherapy targeting the management of chronic kidney disease has led to a search for alternative pharmacologic therapies. The traditional knowledge of medicinal plants plays a key role in the discovery of novel nephroprotective agents. This review aims to present the use of such South Asian ethnomedicinal plants that have sufficient therapeutic potency for the management of kidney diseases. Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds that have been reported to exert nephroprotective mechanisms, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, diuretic, and immunomodulation. Many South Asian medicinal plants have been detailed in traditional medicinal pharmacopoeias for the management of kidney-related diseases. Some have shown promising effects to address nephropathy in animal models and in vitro research. This information can be beneficial in the development of novel pharmaceutical agents targeting the management of kidney diseases and improvement of quality of life for chronic kidney disease patients by fulfilling the requirements for disease management unmet by modern allopathic medicine.

Background The global spread of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infections necessitates the use of validated methods for the identification and typing of this bacterium. This study aimed to determine the distribution of main molecular types of MRSA strain circulating among hospitalized patients in teaching hospitals in Isfahan and Kashan. Methods A total of 146 Staphylococcus aureusstrains were isolated from patients in four teaching hospitals in Isfahan and Kashan during June 2017 to September 2018. The antimicrobial resistance patterns ofStaphylococcus aureusstrains were performed by disc diffusion method. The MRSA strains were identified phenotypically and confirmed by PCR assay. The prevalence of microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) genes among MRSA strains was evaluated by multiplex PCR. The genotypes of MRSA strains were determined by multilocus sequence typing and SCCmectyping. Results Of 146 Staphylococcus aureusisolates, 24 (16.4%) isolates were identified as MRSA strains. According to antimicrobial susceptibility testing the highest resistance rates were seen for tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. All ofStaphylococcus aureusisolates were susceptible to vancomycin whereas 3 (2.1%) isolates were resistant to linezolid. Three different SCCmectypes were obtained among MRSA strains including 16 (66.7%) SCCmectype V, 3 (12.5%) SCCmectype III and 5 (20.8%) SCCmectype II. Of 24 MRSA isolates 20 (83.3%) carried MSCRAMMs genes includingeno(70.8%),fib(54.1%), cna(25.0%),fnbB(16.6%), ebps5 (20.8%), and thefnbA,bbpandclfAgenes were not detected in any MRSA isolate. MLST analysis revealed 11 sequence types among MRSA isolates as follows: ST239, ST291, ST22, ST861, ST889, ST8, ST59, ST343, ST772, ST6 and ST1465. Also seven MLST-based clonal complexes (CCs) were identified among MRSA strains including: CC8, CC7, CC398, CC59, CC22, CC1 and CC5. Conclusions A relatively high diversity was found in MRSA genotypes in Kashan and Isfahan hospitals, and seven clonal complexes were identified. Pandemic MRSA clones including CC8 and CC22 were the most prevalent clones and the novel ST types including ST1465, ST861, ST 889 and ST772 are reported for the first time in Iran in the present study. In addition the high prevalence of MSCRAMMs genes in MRSA isolates demonstrates the high potential of these strains for pathogenicity.