Anti-Tetanus Toxoid polyclonal antibody

Background: Two conserved pneumococcal proteins, pneumolysin toxoid (dPly) and pneumococcal histidine triad protein D (PhtD), combined with 10 polysaccharide conjugates from the pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) in two investigational pneumococcal vaccine (PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD) formulations were immunogenic and well-tolerated when administered to Gambian children. Here, we report immunogenicity of the polysaccharide conjugates, and immunogenicity and reactogenicity of co-administered routine vaccines. Methods: In this phase II, controlled, observer-blind, single-centre study, healthy infants aged 810 weeks were randomised (1:1:1:1:1:1) to six groups. Four groups received 3+0 schedule (2-3-4 months [M]) of PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD (10 or 3014 of each protein), PHiD-CV, or 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; and two groups received 2+1 schedule (2-4-9 M) of PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD (30 mu g of each protein) or PHiD-CV. All infants received diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTPw-HBV/Hib) and oral trivalent polio vaccines (OPV) at 2-3-4 M, and measles, yellow fever, and OPV vaccines at 9 M. We evaluated immune responses at 2-5-9-12 M; and reactogenicity 0-3 days post-vaccination. Results: 1200 infants were enrolled between June 2011 and May 2012; 1152 completed the study. 1 M post-primary vaccination, for each PHiD-CV serotype except 6B and 23F, >= 97.4% (3+0 schedule) and >= 96.4% (2+1 schedule) of infants had antibody concentrations >= 0.2 mu g/mL. Immune responses were comparable between groups within the same vaccination schedules. Observed antibody geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) increased by 1 M post-primary vaccination compared to pre-vaccination. In the following months, GMCs and opsonophagocytic activity titres waned, with an increase post-booster for the 2+1 schedule. Immune responses to protein D and, DTPw-HBV/Hib, OPV, measles, and yellow fever vaccines were not altered by co-administration with pneumococcal proteins. Reactogenicity of co-administered vaccines was comparable between groups and did not raise concerns. Conclusion: Immune responses to the 10 PHiD-CV polysaccharide conjugates-administered vaccines were not altered by addition of dPly and PhtD. (C) 2019 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Problem Pregnancy appears to favor maternal antibody production. In contrast, by damaging follicular helper T cells (T-FH), HIV-1 infection compromises protective humoural immune response. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the frequency of different T-FH-like cells in HIV-infected pregnant women (PW) before and after antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Method of study Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CD4(+) T and B cells, were obtained from asymptomatic HIV-1-infected non-PW and PW just before and after ARV therapy. In some experiments, healthy HIV-1-negative PW were also tested. The frequency of different T-FH-like cell subsets was determined by flow cytometry. The plasma titers of IgG anti-tetanus toxoid (TT), anti-HBsAg, and anti-gp41 were determined by ELISA. The in vitro production of total IgG, IL-21, and hormones (estrogen and progesterone) was quantified also by ELISA. Results Our results demonstrate that antiretroviral (ARV) therapy was more efficient in elevating the percentage of circulating IL-21-secreting T-FH cells in HIV-1-infected pregnant women (PW) than in non-pregnant patients (nPW). Moreover, in co-culture systems, CD4(+) T cells from ART-treated PW were more efficient in assisting B cells to produce IgG production. The in vivo anti-HBsAg IgG titers after ARV therapy were also significantly higher in PW, and their levels were directly associated with both IL-21(+)T(FH) frequency and plasma concentration of estrogen. Conclusion In summary, our results suggest that pregnancy favors the recovery of T-FH-like cells after ARV therapy in HIV-1-infected women, which could help these mothers to protect their newborns from infectious diseases by transferring IgG across the placenta.