Control selection and confounding factors: A lesson from a Japanese case-control study to examine acellular pertussis vaccine effectiveness
VACCINE
Authors: Ohfuji, Satoko; Okada, Kenji; Nakano, Takashi; Ito, Hiroaki; Hara, Megumi; Kuroki, Haruo; Hirota, Yoshio
Abstract
When using a case-control study design to examine vaccine effectiveness, both the selection of control subjects and the consideration of potential confounders must be the important issues to ensure accurate results. In this report, we described our experience from a case-control study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids (DTaP vaccine). Newly diagnosed pertussis cases and age- and sex-matched friend-controls were enrolled, and the history of DTaP vaccination was compared between groups. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of vaccination for development of pertussis. After adjustment for potential confounders, four doses of DTaP vaccination showed a lower OR for pediatrician-diagnosed pertussis (OR = 0.11, 95% CI, 0.01-0.99). In addition, the decreasing OR of four doses vaccination was more pronounced for laboratory-confirmed pertussis (OR = 0.07, 95%Cl, 0.01-0.82). Besides, positive association with pertussis was observed in subjects with a history of steroid treatment (OR = 5.67) and those with a recent contact with a lasting cough (OR = 4.12). When using a case-control study to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines, particularly those for uncommon infectious diseases such as pertussis, the use of friend-controls may be optimal due to the fact that they shared a similar experience for exposure to the pathogen as the cases. In addition, to assess vaccine effectiveness as accurately as possible, the effects of confounding should be adequately controlled with a matching or analysis technique. (C) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Detection of Anti-tetanus Toxoid Monoclonal Antibody by Using Modified Polycarbonate Surface
PLASMONICS
Authors: Raeisi, Salimeh; Molaeirad, Ahmad; Sadri, Minoo; Nejad, Hamideh Rouhani
Abstract
In recent years, CD surface modification methods are employed for immunoassay techniques that is called BioCD technology. In this research, first polycarbonate surface was activated with UV ozone and a hydrophilic surface was obtained. Contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy technique confirmed the hydrophilic property of surface. After that, tetanus toxoid was immobilized on modified CD surface then specific monoclonal antibody, gold nanoparticles conjugated antibody, silver salt, and hydroquinone were added on modified CD surface. So a sandwiches complex as tetanus toxoid, tetanus toxoid monoclonal antibody, and gold nanoparticles conjugated antibody was obtained on CD surface. ATR result showed the immobilization of tetanus toxoid on modified CD surface. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and DLS results confirmed the complex formation. Silver salt and hydroquinone were added for signal amplification. Detection limit of anti-tetanus toxoid IgG monoclonal antibody was obtained 0.005IU/ml by LSPR and DLS techniques. The presented method increases the assay's sensitivity. BioCD-based immunoassay for detection of anti-tetanus toxoid IgG monoclonal antibody could be applicable in development and fabrication of biomedical devices.