Anti-Salmonella type H-L Polyclonal antibody

Background and objectives Several foodborne outbreaks due to contaminated wheat flour have occurred, resulting in a need for a microbial reduction process. Thermal treatments utilizing high temperatures can compromise wheat end-use quality. Vacuum steam treatment (VST) is a promising method for reducing pathogens on wheat. This study determined the pathogen inactivation levels on soft red winter (SRW) wheat while maintaining flour functionality. Findings Soft red winter wheat samples underwent VST for 4 and 8 min at 65, 75, and 85 degrees C prior to milling. SRW flour was evaluated for end-product quality. Increasing VST temperatures negatively impacted bread quality due to protein denaturation. Cake and cookie quality parameters resulted in little to no significant (p < .05) difference with increasing VST temperatures. SRW wheat was also inoculated withEscherichia coliO121 andSalmonellaEnteritidis PT30. The treatments resulted in a maximum average microbial reduction of 5.09 +/- 0.50 log CFU/g forSalmonellaand 7.34 +/- 0.11 log CFU/g forE. coli. Conclusions Vacuum steam treatment could be used by the milling industry to effectively inactive pathogens without compromising soft wheat flour quality. Significance and novelty Vacuum steam treatment process could improve the safety of wheat flour-based products without adding chemical treatments and while maintaining flour quality.

Campylobacter spp. is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of veterinary and public health significance. Globally, the incidence of campylobacteriosis has increased over the last decade in both developing and developed countries. Squamates (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians) are a potential reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. This systematic review examined studies from the last 20 years that have reported squamate-associated human campylobacteriosis. It was found that C. fetus subsp. testudinum and C. fetus subsp. fetus were the most common species responsible for human campylobacteriosis from a squamate host. The common squamate hosts identified included bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), green iguana (Iguana iguana), western beaked gecko (Rhynchoedura ornate) and blotched blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua nigrolutea). People with underlying chronic illnesses, the immunocompromised and the elderly were identified as the most vulnerable population. Exposure to pet squamates, wild animals, consumption of reptilian cuisines and cross contamination with untreated water were risk factors associated with Campylobacter infections. Proper hand hygiene practices, responsible pet ownership, 'One Health' education and awareness on zoonotic diseases will help reduce the public health risks arising from Campylobacter exposure through squamates. Continued surveillance using molecular diagnostic methods will also enhance detection and response to squamate-linked campylobacteriosis.