Anti-Salmonella Monoclonal antibody, Clone R3I22

Despite major efforts to combat pollution, the presence of pathogenic bacteria is still detected in surface water, soil and even crops due to poor purification of domestic and industrial wastewaters. Therefore, we have designed molecularly imprinted polymer films and quaternary ammonium-functionalized- kaolin microparticles to target specifically Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) in wastewaters and ensure a higher purification rate by working in tandem. According to the bacteriological indicators, a reduction by 90 % was registered for GNB (total coliforms and Escherichia coli O157) and by 77 % for GPB (Clostridium perfringens) in wastewaters. The reduction rates were confirmed when using pathogen genetic markers to quantify particular types of GNB and GPB, like Salmonella typhimurium (reduction up to 100 %),Campylobacter jejuni (reduction up to 70 %), Enterococcus faecalis (reduction up to 81 %), Clostridium perfringens (reduction up to 97 %) and Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli (reduction up to 64 %). In order to understand the bactericidal activity of prepared films and microparticles, we have performed several key analyses such as Cryo-TEM, to highlight the auto-assembly mechanism of components during the films formation, and Si-29/C-13 CP/MAS NMR, to reveal the way quaternary ammonium groups are grafted on the surface of kaolin microparticles.

Background: The steady increase in the proportion of Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections in humans represents a major health problem worldwide. The current study investigated the serovar distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility trends of NTS isolated from faecal samples during the period 2000-2018. Methods: Faecal specimens of patients were cultured according to standard lab protocol. The isolates were serotyped and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) were performed according to CLSI guidelines. Results: A total of 1436 NTS isolates were obtained from faeces samples mostly comprising of S. Typhimurium (27.3%), S. Weltevreden (13%), S. Bareilly (11%), S. Newport (4.2%), S. Cholerasuis (4%), S. Infantis (3.4%), and S. Enteritidis (2.4%). Resistance to nalidixic acid (26%) was most common among the tested NTS, followed by ampicillin (18.5%), cotrimoxazole (13.5%), ciprofloxacin (12%), ceftriaxone (6.3%) and chloramphenicol (3.6%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 5% of NTS isolates with the highest rate (10.52%) in 2014. The incidence of NTS infection was maximum in children < 5 years of age with an average 19.3% of the total affected patients during the time period. Conclusions: Based on this study, the faecal NTS isolates have high resistance rates against first line antimicrobial agents except chloramphenicol. The gradual but consistent increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins and macrolide may restrict future treatment options. Hence periodic monitoring of NTS infections, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance trend is recommended.