Human Thrombin-Antithrombin complex Matched Antibody Pair

The impact of geomagnetic substorms on radio propagation within the high-frequency (HF) range was analyzed using oblique ionospheric sounding data. These data were obtained from the unique system of radio paths that covers the whole region of the Russian Arctic. The study focused on the effects of two substorms with a twofold difference in intensity. Variations of four radio propagation parameters were studied: the maximum and lowest observed frequencies of the F2 ionospheric layer (F2MOF and F2LOF), and the same frequencies of the sporadic Es layer (EsMOF and EsLOF). Even the weak geomagnetic substorm (AE(max) similar to 500 nT) significantly changed the ionosphere state and, consequently, the character of radio propagation at paths. The absorption of signals was more pronounced during a more intense substorm which resulted in loss of information during the transmissions through HF channels. The variations of propagation parameters (Delta MOF and Delta LOF) depend more on the path reflection point location and on the intensity of a substorm. Two substorms with a twofold difference in intensity had similar effects on Delta MOF, except for (a) the more pronounced smoothing of the Main Effect and (b) the higher Delta EsMOF amplitude during the intense substorm. Both issues are explained by more intense particle precipitations during the more intense disturbance.

Bacterial blight (BB), which is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is a common bacterial disease that seriously harms rice production in major rice-growing areas worldwide. Fubianezuofeng (FBEZF), a sulfone bactericide that contains an oxadiazole moiety, exerts good control effect on BB. In this study, FBEZF-resistant strains of Xoo were screened for the first time in the laboratory to evaluate the risk of Xoo developing resistance to FBEZF. Three strains with moderate resistance to FBEZF, were obtained and named as F1, F2, and F3, which have resistance factors (RF) of 14.69, 15.72, and 11.12, respectively. FBEZF lacked positive cross-resistance to bismerthiazol, thiodiazole copper, zhongshengmycin and phenazino-1-carboxylic acid. The growth rates of the resistant strains F1 and F2 were similar to those of the wild-type strain in nutrient broth medium, but differed in nutrient agar medium. The extracellular polysaccharide production and pathogenicity of F1, F2, and F3 were reduced relative to those of the wild-type strain. A fosmid library containing 2304 transformants was constructed based on the genome of F2, and transformants 2193 and 2202 exhibited FBEZF resistance. The results are helpful for further study on the molecular mechanism of resistance to FBEZF in Xoo.