Supplied in 0.015 M phosphate, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.2
Preservative
0.1% NaN3
Storage
Store at -20°C. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles
Introduction
Cortisol is the most potent glucocorticoid produced by the human adrenal. It is synthesized from cholesterol and its production is stimulated by pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which is regulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). ACTH and CRF secretions are inhibited by high cortisol levels in a negative feedback loop. In plasma a majority of cortisol is bound with high affinity to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG or transcotin). Cortisol acts through specific intracellular receptors and affects numerous physiologic systems including immune function, glucose counter regulation, vascular tone, and bone metabolism.
Keywords
Cortisol
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Background
Cortisol is a steroid hormone classified as a glucocorticoid and is commonly known as a stress hormone. It is primarily synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex and regulated by the hypothalamic hormone, CRH, and the pituitary hormone, ACTH. Cortisol release follows a diurnal cycle and is increased in response to stress and low blood glucose levels. The hormone serves multiple functions in the body. It helps raise blood sugar levels through gluconeogenesis, suppresses the immune system, and aids in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Cortisol also has the effect of reducing bone formation. These functions are mediated by cortisol binding to specific receptors within cells, namely glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptors. Upon binding, these receptors interact with DNA, influencing gene expression and ultimately regulating various physiological processes.
Figure 1. The normal stress response. (Source: Vassiliadi, D. A. et al., 2021)
Cortisol-3 [BSA] is a unique compound that combines the hormone cortisol with bovine serum albumin (BSA). This conjugate finds diverse applications in the field of biology, particularly in the study of hemolysis and apoptosis-inducing factors. It serves as a valuable tool for investigating the role of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing factor (TNF-α) in different cellular processes. Moreover, Cortisol-3 [BSA] has significant diagnostic applications. It can be employed as an antigen in immunoassays to detect the presence of autoantibodies or measure the levels of specific proteins and antigens. The compound's emission is particularly utilized in anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) assays, which play a crucial role in evaluating the effectiveness of drugs such as adalimumab in targeting VEGF-mediated processes. In addition, researchers have utilized cortisol-BSA in conjunction with sorafenib, a monoclonal antibody, to explore the antiangiogenic properties of the compound. This combination has proven useful in studying the inhibition of blood vessel formation and its implications in various diseases.
1. Vassiliadi D A, et al. Pituitary–adrenal responses and glucocorticoid receptor expression in critically ill patients with COVID-19. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021, 22(21): 11473.
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References
Stocking density of Amazon fish (Colossoma macropomum) farmed in a continental neotropical reservoir with a net cages system
AQUACULTURE
Authors: Frisso, Rosimery Menezes; de Matos, Flavia Tavares; Moro, Giovanni Vitti; de Mattos, Bruno Olivetti
A 60-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the best stocking density (SD) and net cage (NC) size for rearing tambaqui juveniles (Colossoma macropomu) in a continental neotropical reservoir. 57,688 tambaqui juveniles (50.10 +/- 1.39 g, mean +/- S.E.M.) had been randomly stocked in 16 NC. The experiment was run with a 2 x 2 factorial scheme at two SD (15 kg/m(3); 24 kg/m(3)) and two NC sizes (22.5 m(3); 40 m(3)), with four replications: T1: 15 kg/m(3) x 22.5 m(3); T2: 24 kg/m(3) x 22.5 m(3); T3: 15 kg/m(3) x 40 m(3); T4: 24 kg/m(3) x 40 m(3). After 60 days, growth performance, biochemical parameters and body composition of fish were evaluated. Individual weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were better at SD 24 kg/m(3) . For body composition, the crude protein and lower crude fat values in NC 24 kg/m(3) and NC 40 m(3) were higher. The biochemical parameters showed no significant difference for total proteins and plasma cholesterol. Triglycerides had higher rates for the fish stored in NC 40 m(3). An SD-NC interaction appeared for glucose and cortisol, with higher values for SD 15 kg/m(3) in NC 40 m(3); the highest values were observed in SD 24 kg/m(3) for NC 22.5m(3). Therefore, the production of the fish stocked in SD 24 kg/m(3) was more efficient as the biochemical parameters had better indices for the fish raised in 40m(3). The findings in this study suggest using SD 24 kg/m(3) in NC 40 m(3) to maximise fish productivity and welfare.
Salivary Aldosterone, Cortisol, and Their Morning to Evening Slopes in Patients with Depressive Disorder and Healthy Subjects: Acute Episode and Follow-Up 6 Months after Reaching Remission
Background/Objective:Cortisol is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Less attention has been given to other neuroendocrine factors. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that adrenocortical steroids aldosterone and cortisol show different dynamic changes in the course of clinical depression with the assumption that aldosterone is a state marker of depression.Methods:A total of 78 adult subjects (39 patients with depressive disorder and 39 healthy controls) participated in a prospective non-interventional clinical study. Patients were investigated at the time of an acute episode and 6 months after reaching remission. The clinical and personal characteristics, and morning and evening salivary concentrations of aldosterone and cortisol were evaluated.Results:Patients with an acute depressive episode exhibited higher evening aldosterone and lower morning cortisol concentrations compared to healthy subjects. In these patients, both hormone concentrations showed flatter morning to evening slopes. Salivary aldosterone, but not cortisol concentrations, were lower in patients 6 months after reaching remission compared to those in the acute state. Similarly, 6 months of remission resulted in a steeper morning to evening slope of salivary aldosterone compared to the acute state. The cortisol rhythm remained dysregulated. A significant negative correlation between trait anxiety scores and morning cortisol concentrations in patients at 6 months of clinical remission was observed.Conclusion:Diurnal changes in salivary aldosterone concentrations appear to be a state marker, whilst those of cortisol a trait marker of depression.
Generation of a Novel Monoclonal Antibody against Cortisol-[C-4]-Bovine Serum Albumin Conjugate: Application to Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Urinary and Serum Cortisol
Measurement of cortisol levels in body fluids is important for monitoring pituitary gland and adrenal functions. To develop a specific and standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a novel monoclonal anti-cortisol antibody has been generated using a reasonably designed haptenic derivative. Spleen cells were prepared from the BALB/c or A/J mouse, which had repeatedly been immunized with a conjugate of 4-(2-carboxyethylthio)cortisol (CET) and bovine serum albumin, to be fused with P3/NS1/1-Ag4-1 myeloma cells. After four fusion experiments, one hybridoma clone secreting a practical antibody has been established. The resulting monoclonal antibody CS#38 (isotype γ1, κ) showed an affinity constant (Ka) for cortisol of 1 × 109 M?1 and provided a practical calibration curve (detection limit, 0.26 ng per assay) in a homologous ELISA system employing horseradish peroxidase-labeled CET as a labeled antigen. Cross-reactivities with related C-21 steroids were acceptably low: 11-deoxycortisol (4.3%), cortisone (4.0%), corticosterone (1.9%), progesterone (1.6%), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (12%), 6β-hydroxycortisol (8.4%), and tetrahydrocortisol (<0.1%). Urinary and serum cortisol levels of healthy volunteers were determined by this method after methylene chloride extraction to be 39.0 ± 17.0 μg/day (n = 7) and 80.8 ± 38.9 ng/mL (n = 10), respectively, both of which are in the reference range.
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Figure 1. The normal stress response.
