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Sensitivity
5 ng/mL
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Background
Cortisol or hydrocortisone is a natural glucocorticoid hormone made in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex from cholesterol precursor. It flows via the bloodstream to endogenous cells for physiologic effects. Glucocorticoids are lipophilic hormones that exist in two states in the blood: 5% is free, and therefore can freely travel into target cells and have physiological effects; 95% is bound to albumin or corticosteroid-binding globulin to produce a bound state with no biological function but is a store of free cortisol that will circulate through the blood at the same rate. Typically, the total secretion of cortisol in adults ranges from 15 to 25 mg/day, increasing to 116-185 mg/day during the perioperative period. When stress is severe, up to 500 mg a day is released. The half-life of cortisol in the blood is from 70 to 120 minutes, and it is most destroyed in the liver. The kidneys, connective tissue and even the adrenal glands are also destroyed.
Figure 1. Cortisol structure (Source: Dziurkowska E, et al. 2021)
Cortisol acts on many biological mechanisms in the body both genomically and non-genomatically. It can block infection or non-infectious inflammation, drive protein and glucose metabolism, and impact fat metabolism and redistribution. Cortisol also affects the immune system, makes us more sensitive to catecholamines and angiotensin II, and delays wound healing. It also regulates the differentiation and growth of fetal tissue cells and regulating thyroid hormones as well as inhibitory hormones.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates cortisol production and secretion most of all, but feedback, stress, cytokines and circadian rhythms are among the numerous things that can affect this regulation. Most important of these is negative feedback regulation: maintaining physiological hormones that are needed by the body, but with relative stability in HPA axis-related hormones. Stress stimulates the production and release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol. During stress conditions such as fever, exercise, surgery, or psychological pressure, cortisol helps the body resist harmful reactions. Cytokines like IL-1α and IL-1β are produced during immune responses triggered by antigen stimulation; they can elevate glucocorticoid levels, which then exert negative feedback to suppress the immune response, leading to reduced secondary glucocorticoid secretion. Additionally, circadian rhythms also affect ACTH and cortisol secretion. In healthy adults, plasma ACTH and cortisol levels peak shortly after waking in the morning and gradually decline throughout the day, reaching their lowest levels during deep sleep at night before rising again. This circadian rhythm is related to transitions between day and night and individual wakefulness patterns.
References
1. Lee DY, et al. Technical and clinical aspects of cortisol as a biochemical marker of chronic stress. BMB Rep. 2015 Apr;48(4):209-16.
2. Dziurkowska E, et al. Cortisol as a Biomarker of Mental Disorder Severity. J Clin Med. 2021 Nov 8;10(21):5204.
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References
Association of Obesity with Depressive Symptomatology, Eating Habits, Interleukin-8 and Cortisol in a Young Population
ECOLOGY OF FOOD AND NUTRITION
Authors: Lopez-Pulido, Edgar Ivan; Ramirez-De Los Santos, Saul; Gonzalez-Sanchez, Grecia Denisse; Becerra-Ruiz, Julieta Sarai; Rivas-Delgado, Mariana Elizabeth; Becerra-Hurtado, Jessica; Ramirez-de los Santos, Maria Luisa; Alonso-Sanchez, Carmen Celina; Gonzalez-Silva, Napoleon; Guzman-Flores, Juan Manuel
Obesity is the result of a complex combination of psychological, biological, and environmental factors. In this work, we evaluate whether obesity is related to eating habits, depressive symptomatology, as well as interleukin-8 and cortisol. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 232 university students. All youths were surveyed to determine their eating habits and depressive symptomatology. Anthropometric measures and a blood sample were taken to determine its biochemical profile and its concentration of interleukin-8 and cortisol. The results show that interleukin-8 increase in the overfat group. The altered eating behaviors were frequent in the studied group; they were associated with the presence of obesity and the variation of interleukin-8 and cortisol. Besides, we found correlations of interleukin-8 with age, glucose, and lipid profile in the overfat group. In conclusion, these results indicate that high adiposity is related to changes in the concentrations of interleukin-8 and eating habits, confirming that obesity is the consequence of a complex network of various factors.
Is There a Link between Stress and Cognition, and Capacity to Execute Motor Skill?
MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE
Authors: SERPELL, B. E. N. J. A. M. I. N. G.; WADDINGTON, G. O. R. D. O. N.; MCGRATH, B. R. A. D. E. N.; COOK, C. H. R. I. S. T. I. A. N. J.
Purpose This study aimed to examine the link between stress (measured via salivary cortisol and testosterone), cognition (measured via pupillometry, with greater pupil constriction and reduced pupil constriction latency associated with increased attention and improved information processing), and motor skill capacity (measured via somatosensory processing). Methods Twenty-five professional rugby players participated in this study. Saliva samples were collected upon waking, before pupillometry and somatosensory processing testing, and after testing. Testing times varied for participants; however, it was always in the morning, and the order of testing was randomized. Results Very small differences in hormone concentrations were seen across the morning (effect size = 0.01). Moderate to large differences in left eye pupil constriction for direct (left eye) versus consensual (right eye) stimulus were also seen (P< 0.01; effect size = 0.51 to 1.04). No differences for pupil constriction latency were seen for direct versus consensual stimulus. Some positive weak to moderate relationships were seen for testosterone and pupil constriction latency (r= 0.37 to 0.39,P< 0.05). Moderate to strong inverse relationships were seen for hormones with left eye pupil constriction difference between direct and consensual stimulus, and for pre- to posttest testosterone-to-cortisol ratio decline with left eye pupil constriction for direct and consensual stimulus (r= 0.41 to 0.52,P< 0.05). Weak to moderate inverse relationships for testosterone-to-cortisol ratio decline and somatosensory processing were seen (r= 0.36 to 0.47,P< 0.05). Conclusion Stress may affect ability to receive information and ability to execute motor tasks. Thus, stress may compromise ability to make appropriate objective decisions and consequently execute skill/task behavior. Strategies to help mitigate negative stress responses are noted.
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Figure 1. Cortisol structure
