Batch dependent - please inquire should you have specific requirements.
Buffer
10mM PBS, pH7.4
Preservative
None
Storage
Store at -20°C. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles
Keywords
Vitamin B12;Cyanocobalamin;Cobalamin
Citations
Publication ()
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Background
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a complex water-soluble vitamin that is essential for various metabolic processes in the body. It plays a vital role in DNA synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Vitamin B12 is particularly important for the normal functioning of the nervous system, including the production of myelin, which protects nerve cells, and the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Food sources rich in vitamin B12 include meat, liver, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products. Some breakfast cereals are also fortified with vitamin B12. Supplements and medications are available to treat and prevent vitamin B12 deficiency, usually taken orally or through intramuscular injections for severe deficiency cases. Vitamin B12 deficiency has a greater impact on vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, young children, and the elderly. It is commonly caused by impaired absorption due to a lack of gastric intrinsic factor (IF) or decreased stomach acid production, which is more prevalent in older individuals or those on long-term antacid therapy. The consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency can range from limb neuropathy to pernicious anemia, a condition characterized by abnormally large red blood cells. Symptoms include fatigue, cognitive impairment, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, frequent infections, and various neurological problems. In infants, untreated deficiencies can lead to neurological damage and anemia. Vitamin B12 deficiency in pregnant women is strongly associated with an increased risk of complications like spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations, and impaired brain development in the unborn child.
Figure 1. Blood and bone marrow morphological changes in vitamin B12 deficiency. (Source: Green, R. et al., 2017)
Vitamin B12 [KLH] refers to a specialized form of vitamin B12 that is chemically linked to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH), a large protein derived from a marine mollusk. KLH is widely recognized as an immunogenic carrier protein, meaning it has the ability to stimulate and enhance immune responses in the body. The conjugation of vitamin B12 to KLH allows for the creation of a complex that combines the immunostimulatory properties of KLH with the unique targeting capabilities of vitamin B12. This conjugate holds promise in various applications, including cancer immunotherapy, targeted drug delivery, and the development of novel vaccines.
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Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA synthesis and for cellular energy production.This review aims to outline the metabolism of vitamin B12, and to evaluate the causes and consequences of sub-clinical vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is common, mainly due to limited dietary intake of animal foods or malabsorption of the vitamin. Vegetarians are at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency as are other groups with low intakes of animal foods or those with restrictive dietary patterns. Malabsorption of vitamin B12 is most commonly seen in the elderly, secondary to gastric achlorhydria. The symptoms of sub-clinical deficiency are subtle and often not recognized. The long-term consequences of sub-clinical deficiency are not fully known but may include adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes, vascular, cognitive, bone and eye health.
Serum iron and vitamin B 12 deficiency could indicate celiac disease by flexible spectral imaging color enhancement
INTRODUCTION: Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disease that can be delayed in diagnosis due to the presence of atypical and asymptomatic cases in adulthood. Herein we aimed to study the frequency of CeD and evaluate whether magnified endoscopy and magnified/FICE (flexible spectral imaging color enhancement) techniques contribute to the diagnosis in patients with serum iron and vitamin B12 deficiency. METHODS: We evaluated 50 adult patients (10 males and 40 females) who had serum iron and vitamin B12 deficiency, prospectively. All the patients had undergone upper gastrointestinal system endoscopy by the same endoscopist. The second part of the duodenum was evaluated with white light, magnified, and magnined/FICE endoscopy. Biopsy specimens were evaluated by the same pathologist. The specimens diagnosed as CeD were classified according to the Modified Marsh-Oberhuber criteria. RESULTS: 10 of 50 patients (20%) were diagnosed as CeD. The average age was 41 +/- 11 years (20-67 years). Thirty percent of CeD diagnosed patients had typical CeD symptoms. Six of 10 patients (60%) who were diagnosed as CeD had typical endoscopic images under white lighted endoscopy. All of these 10 patients (100%) showed villous irregularity, partial villous atrophy, or total villous atrophy consistent with CeD with magnified and magnified/FICE endoscopy. CONCLUSION: The practical use of magnified/FICE endoscopy allows us to differentiate mucosal abnormalities of the duodenum and minimize false-negative results that indicate normal mucosal findings with conventional endoscopy.
Markers of Vitamin B12 Status in Relation to Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers and Cognitive Performance
COA
Publication 
Figure 1. Blood and bone marrow morphological changes in vitamin B12 deficiency.
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