Rabbit Anti-S-100 monoclonal antibody, clone KN62-42

Background: Although surgical field visualization is important in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), the complications associated with controlled hypotension for surgery should be considered. Intraoperative hypotension is associated with postoperative stroke, leading to subsequent hypoxia with potential neurologic injury. We investigated the effect of propofol and desflurane anesthesia on S-100 beta and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels which are early biomarkers for cerebral ischemic change during controlled hypotension for FESS. Methods: For controlled hypotension during FESS, anesthesia was maintained with propofol/remifentanil in propofol group (n=30) and with desflurane/remifentanil in desflurane group (n=30). For S-100 beta and GFAP assay, blood samples were taken at base, 20 and 60 minutes after achieving the target range of mean arterial pressure, and at 60 minutes after surgery. Results: The base levels of S-100 beta were 98.04 +/- 78.57 and 112.61 +/- 66.38pg/mL in the propofol and desflurane groups, respectively. The base levels of GFAP were 0.997 +/- 0.486 and 0.898 +/- 0.472ng/mL in the propofol and desflurane groups, respectively. The S-100 beta and GFAP levels were significantly increased in the study period compared to the base levels in both groups (P <=.001). There was no significant difference at each time point between the 2 groups. Conclusion: On comparing the effects of propofol and desflurane anesthesia for controlled hypotension on the levels of S-100 beta and GFAP, we noted that there was no significant difference in S-100 beta and GFAP levels between the 2 study groups.

Many studies have been carried out to investigate the histological structure of the trachea in many species of birds. However, the cellular organization of the trachea in the mallard duck is still unclear. This study was performed on 12 sexually mature male Mallard duck to demonstrate the cellular organization of the trachea using light and electron microscopy. The tracheal epithelium is considered the first line of defense against airborne pathogens. The mallard trachea was lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contained many morphologically distinct cell types: ciliated, non-ciliated, basal cells that encircled by a population of sub-epithelial immune cells, fibroblasts, and telocytes (TCs). Telocytes were first recorded in duck trachea in this study and showed a wide variety of staining affinity. They presented two long telopodes that made up frequent close contacts with epithelium, tracheal cartilages, and other neighboring TCs, immune cells, blood capillaries, and nerve fibers. TCs express VEGF and S-100 protein. The immune cells include mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and dendritic reticular cells. The ciliated tracheal epithelium was interrupted by numerous intraepithelial mucous glands and solitary goblet cells. This mucociliary apparatus constitutes the major defense mechanism against inhaled foreign materials. The cellular organization of the duck trachea and its relation to the immunity was discussed.