Anti-Rat IgG polyclonal antibody

The characterization of cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is fundamental to understand COVID-19 progression and the development of immunological memory to the virus. In this study, we detected T-cells reactive to SARS-CoV-2 proteins M, S, and N, as well as serum virus-specific IgM, IgA, IgG, in nearly all SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, but not in healthy donors. Virus-reactive T cells exhibited signs of in vivo activation, as suggested by the surface expression of immune-checkpoint molecules PD1 and TIGIT. Of note, we detected antigen-specific adaptive immune response both in asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. More importantly, symptomatic patients displayed a significantly higher magnitude of both cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune response to the virus, as compared to asymptomatic individuals. These findings suggest that an uncontrolled adaptive immune response contribute to the development of the life-threatening inflammatory phase of the disease. Finally, this study might open the way to develop effective vaccination strategies.

Purpose Multiple myeloma (MM) is a bone marrow malignancy that remains mostly incurable. Elotuzumab is an FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeted to the cell surface glycoprotein CS1, which is overexpressed in MM cells. Identifying patients who will respond to CS1-targeted treatments such as elotuzumab requires the development of a companion diagnostic to assess the presence of CS1. Here, we evaluated [Zr-89]DFO-elotuzumab as a novel PET tracer for imaging CS1 expression in preclinical MM models. Methods Conjugation of desferrioxamine-p-benzyl-isothiocyanate (DFO-Bz-NCS) to elotuzumab enabled zirconium-89 radiolabeling. MM.1S-CG cells were intravenously injected in NOD SCID gamma (NSG) mice. Small animal PET imaging with [Zr-89]DFO-elotuzumab (1.11 MBq/mouse, 7 days post-injection), [Zr-89]DFO-IgG (1.11 MBq/mouse, 7 days post-injection), and [F-18]FDG (7-8 MBq, 1 h post-injection) was performed. Additionally, biodistribution of [Zr-89]DFO-elotuzumab post-imaging at 7 days was also done. In vivo specificity of [Zr-89]DFO-elotuzumab was further evaluated with a blocking study and ex vivo autoradiography. Results [Zr-89]DFO-elotuzumab was produced with high specific activity (56 +/- 0.75 MBq/nmol), radiochemical purity (99% +/- 0.5), and yield (93.3% +/- 1.5). Dissociation constant of 40.4 nM and receptor density of 126 fmol/mg was determined in MM.1S-CG cells. Compared to [Zr-89]DFO-IgG, [Zr-89]DFO-elotuzumab localized with a significantly higher standard uptake value in tumor-bearing bone tissue (8.59 versus 4.77). Blocking with unlabeled elotuzumab significantly reduced (P < 0.05) uptake of [Zr-89]DFO-elotuzumab in the bones. Importantly, while [F-18]FDG demonstrated similar uptake in the bone and muscle, [Zr-89]DFO-elotuzumab showed > 3-fold enhanced uptake in bones. Conclusion These data demonstrate the feasibility of [Zr-89]DFO-elotuzumab as a companion diagnostic for CS1-targeted therapies.