Heat Stress Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.): Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes for Seedling Growth Under Heat Stress
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
Authors: Kilasi, Newton Lwiyiso; Singh, Jugpreet; Vallejos, Carlos Eduardo; Ye, Changrong; Jagadish, S. V. Krishna; Kusolwa, Paul; Rathinasabapathi, Bala
Abstract
Productivity of rice, world's most important cereal is threatened by high temperature stress, intensified by climate change. Development of heat stress-tolerant varieties is one of the best strategies to maintain its productivity. However, heat stress tolerance is a multigenic trait and the candidate genes are poorly known. Therefore, we aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for vegetative stage tolerance to heat stress in rice and the corresponding candidate genes. We used genotyping-by-sequencing to generate single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers and genotype 150 F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) obtained by crossing heat tolerant "N22" and heat susceptible "IR64" varieties. A linkage map was constructed using 4,074 high quality SNP markers that corresponded to 1,638 recombinationally unique events in this mapping population. Six QTL for root length and two for shoot length under control conditions with 2.1-12% effect were identified. One QTL rlht5.1 was identified for "root length under heat stress," with 20.4% effect. Four QTL were identified for "root length under heat stress as percent of control" that explained the total phenotypic variation from 5.2 to 8.6%. Three QTL with 5.3-10.2% effect were identified for "shoot length under heat stress," and seven QTL with 6.6-19% effect were identified for "shoot length under heat stress expressed as percentage of control." Among the QTL identified six were overlapping between those identified using shoot traits and root traits: two were overlapping between QTL identified for "shoot length under heat stress" and "root length expressed as percentage of control" and two QTL for "shoot length as percentage of control" were overlapping a QTL each for "root length as percentage of control" and "shoot length under heat stress." Genes coding 1,037 potential transcripts were identified based on their location in 10 QTL regions for vegetative stage heat stress tolerance. Among these, 213 transcript annotations were reported to be connected to stress tolerance in previous research in the literature. These putative candidate genes included transcription factors, chaperone proteins (e.g., alpha-crystallin family heat shock protein 20 and DNAJ homolog heat shock protein), proteases, protein kinases, phospholipases, and proteins related to disease resistance and defense and several novel proteins currently annotated as expressed and hypothetical proteins.
Analysis of playing styles according to team quality and match location in Greek professional soccer
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN SPORT
Authors: Gomez, Miguel-Angel; Mitrotasios, Michalis; Armatas, Vasilis; Lago-Penas, Carlos
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to identify the styles of play of Greek Superleague soccer teams according to match location and team's ranking using performance indicators related to attack, defence, transition and set-pieces. Data were obtained from the 2013-2014 season (n = 301 matches). The factor analysis identified eight factors (explained 64.29% of the total variance): F1 (ball possession); F2 (ending actions); F3 (individual challenges); F4 (counter-attack); F5 (set-piece); F6 (transitional-play); F7 (fouling actions); and F8 (free-kick). The results of the ANCOVA showed that home and away performances were significant different for F1, F2, F5, F6, and F7 with better values for home teams. In addition, the results of the covariate effect (team's ranking) showed that the F1, F2 and F3 were significant reflecting an effect of ranking on these Factors when differentiating home and away teams (teams ranked 1(st) to 6th positions obtained greater values for F1 and F2, and less values for F3 than teams ranked 7th to 12th and 13th to 18th. The measures of tactics and strategies showed specific trends by ranking and match location that should be taken into account by coaches and performance analysts when identifying specific styles of play in soccer.