Identification of Linear B-Cell Epitopes on Hemagglutinin Protein of Canine Distemper Virus Using Two Monoclonal Antibodies
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
Authors: Shi Pengfei; Cao Zhigang; Cheng Yuening; Cheng Shipeng; Yi Li
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) belongs to the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family, which causes a threat to the domestic dog and fur-animal industry. Hemagglutinin protein is a major membrane protein of the vital molecular factor in CDV tropism, also known to induce hosts to produce neutralizing antibodies. In the current study, we prepared two monoclonal antibodies, 1A5 and 2B8, against the H protein of the CDV-PS strain. A series of partially overlapping synthetic peptides covering the hemagglutinin protein (amino acids 50-204) were screened to define the linear epitope identified by 1A5 and 2B8 mAbs. (120)QKTNFFNPNREFDFR(134) (F8) and (178)ARGDIFPPY(186) (F14-1) are minimal linear epitopes recognized by 1A5 and 2B8 mAbs, respectively. Further investigations revealed that F8 is conserved in different CDV strains; however, F14-1 contains mutant residues 178, 179, and 180. The epitopes F8 and F14-1 localized at the surface of hemagglutinin protein in a three-dimensional (3D) structure. CDV-infected dog serum can also recognize the identified B-cell epitopes.
Genetic Risk Factors and Inhibitor Development in Hemophilia: What Is Known and Searching for the Unknown
SEMINARS IN THROMBOSIS AND HEMOSTASIS
Authors: Margaglione, Maurizio; Intrieri, Mariano
Abstract
Over the past few decades, important knowledge on why inhibitors develop and better information about significant risk factors have become available. A series of both genetic and nongenetic factors are recognized and clinical score systems were proposed to quantify the risk for each patient. In addition, modulation of the immunological response was acknowledged to play a pivotal role in the occurrence of inhibitors. However, with the exception of mutation testing in severe hemophilia B patients, no single risk factor or clinical score is currently utilized in clinical practice. Omics technologies are large-scale hypothesis-generating approaches, which provide the tools to study issues contributing to a complex and multifactorial phenomenon, such as inhibitor development. Newer cutting edge technologies may enable a more accurate estimation of the personal risk profile and provide a reliable tool to accurately measure the risk periodically, thereby enabling strategies to foresee and prevent inhibitor formation.
COA
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