Anti-Factor V monoclonal antibody, clone BCW-5104

Soil phosphatase is commonly used as an indicator to evaluate the arsenic (As) toxicity in soil. However, the As ageing process and the accuracy of using soil phosphatase activity to assess As contamination under various soil water contents are not clearly known. This study explored the effects of soil moisture condition on the As fractions (soil solid phase species) and soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) over time. Results showed that elevated soil moisture would increase the content of F1-F4 (water soluble, exchangeable, carbonate and organic-bound) and decrease the ratio of F6 (residual). Whereas, the F5 fraction (bound to Fe and Mn/Al oxides), although did not show significant variation in the early period (up to 15 d), showed an increase at later period (30 d). The As bioavailability (K) increased with increasing soil moisture. Ageing process exhibited two stages. In the stage1, as the ageing progress the fractions, F1, F2 and F3 (former) gradually transformed into F4, F5 and F6 (later) under all tested As concentrations. The second stage is that under the low As concentrations, F1 and F4 transformed to F5 fraction. While, under the high As concentrations (200 mg kg(-1) and 400 mg kg(-1)), F1 and F2 transformed to F4 and F5. Meanwhile, soil moisture had a significant influence on soil ALP activity. Soil ALP activity under 110% WHC was smaller than the activity of soil ALP under 35% WHC. The variation partitioning analysis (VPA) showed that soil moisture contributed 63.19% for this effect on soil ALP activity and was identified as the dominant factor. The value of ED10 indicated that the As toxicity under 35% WHC was greater than that under 110% WHC. This could be due to that the excessive moisture content depressed soil ALP activity. Therefore, it is important to consider soil moisture content while assessing the As toxicity to soil ALP.

The aim and objective of this research work was to formulate and evaluate Piroxicam Emugel for topical drug delivery. Various concentration of gelling agent were used for preparation of Piroxicam Emugel along with emulsifiers Tween-80 and Span-80 with glycerine as a humectants. The Clove oil and eucalyptus oil were used as permeation enhancer. The formulated Emulgel was characterized for their physical appearance, pH determination, spreadability, extrudability, drug content, in vitro drug release and stability studies. According to our results, the range of pH of the formulations was from 5.6 +/- 0.2 to 6.8 +/- 0.3 for final batches which is considered acceptable. Formulation F3, F4, F6 and F7 spreadability was found to be 32.03 +/- 0.54 g.cm/sec, 30.79 +/- 0.2 g.cm/sec, 26.41 +/- 0.51 g.cm/sec and 30.44 +/- 0.6 g.cm/sec respectively. The Formulation F5 and F8 was prepared with higher concentration of carbopol i.e. 1.5 g were of in stiff category and the spreadabilty value found to be 18.14 +/- 0.36 g.cm/sec and 20.30 +/- 0.34 g.cm/sec respectively. The percentage swelling index was (F5, F6, F7 and F8) found to be 44.24 %, 27.35%, 31.98 % and 46.38 respectively. Extrudability of Formulation F5 and F8 was less i.e. 17.32 +/- 0.5 gm/cm(2) and 20.39 +/- 0.58 gm/cm(2) respectively as containing higher concentration of polymer. Formulation F3, F4, F6, F7 having optimum concentration of polymer extrudability was good i.e. 30.47 +/- 0.52 gm/cm(2), 27.39 +/- 0.6 gm/cm(2), 29.49 +/- 0.56 gm/cm(2) and 26.90 +/- 0.6 gm/cm(2) respectively. Extrudability was decreased with an increase in concentration of Carbopol. Invitro drug release (98.45% in 8h) from the Emulgel, batch F7 was concluded as optimized batch. Drug release was in following order F5< F1< F3< F2< F4< F8 < F6 < F7. Presence of two Penetration enhancer's Clove oil and Eucalyptus oil has resulted in better performance as compared to other formulations. All these developed emugel formulation have acceptable physical properties, hence F7 can be considered as the optimized formulation. From this research, the formulated Emulgel of Piroxicam would be an effective alternative to conventional delivery of Piroxicam for the management of pain and inflammation.