Sulfadiazine Standard (98%)

Background and Objective: Burn injuries impose heavy costs on the healthcare systems. Since the available treatments for burn injuries are costly and have several complications, the present study aimed to compare the effects of an Iranian traditional medicine product in the form of an herbal ointment with silver sulfadiazine ointment on second-degree burn wounds. Methods: In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, the patients were divided into two groups of herbal ointment (Rosa damascena, Solanum nigrum, and Malva sylvestris) and SSD ointment (control). They were evaluated in terms of improvement, wound closure, wound appearance, and intervention complications prior to the treatment, on the fourth day, and after 1-4 weeks. Results: Fifty three participants completed the trial (27 in herbal ointment and 26 in SSD group). The mean burn wound healing time was 11.58 +/- 5.36 and 16.80 +/- 5.60 days in the herbal and SSD groups, respectively, which showed a significant difference in this regard (p=0.001). Moreover, the wound closure percentage in the first two weeks was significantly higher in the herbal group compared to the SSD group (p<0.05). Also, wound appearance was better in the herbal ointment group in all the assessment times. No significant difference was observed between the herbal and SSD ointment regarding the treatment complications. Conclusion: The herbal ointment containing Rosa damascena, Malva sylvestris, and Solanum nigrum showed more considerable effects on the second-degree burn wounds compared to the SSD ointment.

Spiramycin-metronidazole and spiramycin-loaded chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) were tested in comparison with the current spiramycin treatment of T.gondii concerning tissue penetration and blood brain barrier (BBB) passage. Swiss Albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 2500 T. gondii tachyzoites RH strain and were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental groups orally received CS NPs, spiramycin, spiramycin-metronidazole, spiramycin-loaded CS NPs 400 mg/kg and spiramycin-loaded CS NPs 100 mg/kg. Drug efficacy was assessed by mice survival time, mortality rate, parasite load in different organs and morphological study of the tachyzoites movement by light microscope and the ultra-structure by SEM. The results revealed that the maximum survival time of more than 200 days with no mortality on the sacrifice day (8th) was observed in mice receiving spiramycin-loaded NPs. Spiramycin-loaded NPs showed the highest significant percent reduction of tachyzoites (about 90% reduction) in liver, spleen and brain as compared to the other used drugs denoting successful bypass of BBB. Light microscopy of the treated peritoneal tachyzoites showed sluggish tachyzoites movement while the NPs caused loss of their movement. SEM of the treated tachyzoites were more mutilated and some of them appeared rupturing in those receiving CS NPs and spiramycin-loaded NPs. In conclusion, spiramycin-loaded NPs showed the highest efficiency in the treatment of acute toxoplasmosis. The non-toxic nature and the anti-parasitic effect of both CS and spiramycin make the use of spiramycin-loaded CS NPs a potential material for treatment of human toxoplasmosis.