Anti-Natural Killer Cell Activation Structures monoclonal antibody, clone CPM73

Substituting mineral fertilizers with manure has been promoted to enrich soil fertility and maintain field productivity in agricultural production systems. However, there is limited information regarding the effect of substituting mineral-N with manure on eco-efficiency (economic and environmental trade-offs) from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective. This study investigated the eco-efficiency of maize-wheat rotation production under three fertilization strategies: mineral fertilizer NPK (CK), substituting 50% of mineral-N with solid manure (SM + NK), and substituting 50% of mineral-N with liquid manure (LM + NP) in the North China Plain. The economic profits were evaluated based on the prevailing market prices of inputs, outputs, and services. The potential environmental impacts were assessed by the LCA approach. The eco-efficiency was evaluated as the ratio of economic profit to individual environmental impact categories. The results from the economic analysis and the LCA showed that, compared with CK, the economic profit increased by 17.2% and 19.1%, while the environmental impacts at the endpoint level decreased by 24.6% and 37.9% under SM + NK and LM + NP, respectively. Additionally, the eco-efficiencies under SM + NK and LM + NP at the endpoint level were calculated to be 55.4% and 91.7%, respectively, higher than CK. Overall, the results suggested that substituting 50% of mineral-N with manure, especially liquid manure, had a great potential for sustainable maize-wheat rotation production in the North China Plain. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

HLA-B allotypes exhibiting the Bw4 epitope trigger variable inhibitory signaling of KIR3DL1 receptor types, where strong inhibitory HLA-B and KIR3DL1 allele combinations are associated with increased risk for relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Several HLA-A allotypes also exhibit the Bw4 epitope. Studies with natural killer (NK) cell clones have demonstrated NK inhibition via KIR3DL1 by HLA-A Bw4(+) allotypes, but did not delineate strengths of inhibition or hierarchies of NK education. Using primary NK cells from healthy donors, we demonstrate that HLA-A*23, HLA-A*24, and HLA-A*32 proteins are expressed at different densities and exhibit different capacities to educate and inhibit KIR3DL1-expressing NK cells in vitro. Among the HLA-A Bw4(+) allotypes, HLA-A*24 and HLA-A*32 demonstrate the strongest inhibitory capacity. To determine if HLA-A allotypes with strong inhibitory capacity have similar negative impact in allogeneic HCT as HLA-B Bw4(+) allotypes, we performed a retrospective analysis of 1729 patients with AML who received an allogeneic HCT from a 9/10 or 10/10 HLA allele-matched unrelated donor. Examination of the donor-recipient pairs whose Bw4 epitope was exclusively contributed from HLA-A*24 and A*32 allotypes revealed that patients with HLA-A*24 who received an allograft from a KIR3DL1(+) donor experienced a higher risk of disease relapse (hazard ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-2.32; P=.004) when compared with patients without a Bw4 epitope. These findings indicate that despite weak affinity interactions with KIR3DL1, common HLA-A allotypes with the Bw4 epitope can interact with KIR3DL1(+) donor NK cells with clinically meaningful impact and provide additional insight to donor NK alloreactivity in HLA-matched HCT.