Cotinine-3 [BSA]

Objectives: We evaluated urine propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin ( VG) as potential markers for discriminating e-cigarette (ECIG) users and non-users and verifying ECIG abstinence. Methods: We analyzed urine samples from 51 ECIG users (collected pre-/post-12-hour ECIG abstinence), and 50 controls (nicotine/tobacco non-users) urine cotinine, PG, and VG concentration. Results: Of 42 ECIG users with pre-abstinence urine cotinine indicating nicotine use, mean (SD) urine cotinine concentration was 1053.7 ng/ml (874.5) and for controls was 1.93 ng/ml (0.4); after abstinence, ECIG users' mean cotinine decreased to 615.4 ng/ml (753.0). For ECIG users, mean urine PG pre-abstinence was 25.6 mcg/ml (20.0) and was 9.8 mcg/ml (13.5) for controls; after abstinence, ECIG users' mean urine PG decreased to 9.7 mcg/ml (15.0; ps <.05). For ECIG users, mean urine VG pre-abstinence was 7.5 mcg/ml (7.1) and was 13.2 mcg/ml (25.0) for controls; after abstinence, ECIG users' mean VG decreased to 5.0 mcg/ml (4.4; ps <.05). Conclusions: ECIG users' mean urine PG was greater than controls and decreased after 12-hour ECIG abstinence suggesting urine PG may be useful for discriminating ECIG users from non-users and verifying short-term abstinence.

Context: Passive smoke exposure has been linked to the risk of osteoporosis in adults. Objective: We examined the independent effects of childhood passive smoke exposure on adult bone health. Design/Setting: Longitudinal, the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Participants: The study cohort included 1422 individuals followed for 28 years since baseline in 1980 (age 3 to 18 years). Exposure to passive smoking was determined in childhood. In adulthood, peripheral bone traits were assessed with peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT) at the tibia and radius, and calcaneal mineral density was estimated with quantitative ultrasound. Fracture data were gathered by questionnaires. Results: Parental smoking in childhood was associated with lower pQCT-derived bone sum index in adulthood (beta +/- SE, -0.064 +/- 0.023 per smoking parent; P= 0.004) in multivariate models adjusted for age, sex, active smoking, body mass index, serum 25-OH vitamin D concentration, physical activity, and parental socioeconomic position. Similarly, parental smoking was associated with lower heel ultrasound estimated bone mineral density in adulthood (beta +/- SE, -0.097 +/- 0.041 per smoking parent; P = 0.02). Parental smoking was also associated with the incidence of low-energy fractures (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.62). Individuals with elevated cotinine levels (3 to 20 ng/mL) in childhood had lower bone sum index with pQCT (beta +/- SE, -0.206 +/- 0.057; P = 0.0003). Children whose parents smoked and had high cotinine levels (3 to 20 ng/mL) had significantly lower pQCT-derived bone sum index compared with those with smoking parents but had low cotinine levels (<3 ng/mL) (beta +/- SE, -0.192 +/- 0.072; P = 0.008). Conclusions and Relevance: Children of parents who smoke have evidence of impaired bone health in adulthood.