Native B. burgdorferi

Name: Native B. burgdorferi
SKU: DAG2744
Rating: 5 (1 reviews)

B. burgdorferi, natural protein from B. burgdorferi

COA

SDS

Datasheet

Summary

Product Overview

Native Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), rendered inactive using gamma irradiation. The source was cultured in BSK II medium and the preparation contains all major antigens with residual cellular debris

Nature

Native

Tag/Conjugate

Unconjugated

Format

Sonicated organism suspension of B. burgdorferi (strain B31)-liquid

Concentration

Approx. 0. 76 mg/ml using the Biorad dye binding assay.

Buffer

Phosphate buffered saline, pH 7. 4 containing Mg++

Preservative

None

Storage

2-8°C short term, -20°C long term

Introduction

Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class of the genus Borrelia. B. burgdorferi is predominant in North America, but also exists in Europe, and is the agent of Lyme disease. All Borrelia are considered diderm (double-membrane) rather than gram positive or negative.

Keywords

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme); B. Burgdorferi; Borrelia Burgdorferi; Spirochaetaceae; Borrelia

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Background

Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi), the pathogen that causes Lyme disease in humans, is a microaerobic, left-helical bacterium consisting of a single celled, sparsely coiled spiral. There are generally 3 to 10 sparse and irregular spirals, wavy, slightly pointed at both ends, with lively movement, twisting, tumbling, shaking and other modes of movement. Currently B. burgdorferi can be categorized into at least 22 genotypes, which differ from one regional isolate to another, as well as their main vectors and reservoir hosts. At least six genotypes of B. burgdorferi have been shown to infect humans and cause disease: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. bavariensis, B. spielmanii, and B. mayonii. Different genotypes of B. burgdorferi cause different clinical symptoms and severity of infection in humans.

In addition to the typical bacterial plasma membrane, B. burgdorferi has an outer membrane known as the adventitial sheath. The protoplasmic cylinder consisting of the nuclear region and cytoplasm and the adventitial sheath is known as the periplasm and contains the flagellum. The genome of B. burgdorferi is relatively small, and it contains a linear chromosome 950Kb in length with at least 21 additional chromosomal DNA elements or plasmids. B. burgdorferi possesses the largest number of plasmids known to be associated with pathogenicity. The outer membrane of B. burgdorferi consists of outer membrane proteins and phospholipids and lacks lipopolysaccharides, whereas outer membrane proteins consist mainly of abundant outer surface lipoproteins and intact transmembrane proteins, which elicit an inflammatory response in human host cells.

Comparison of the membrane structure of <i>B. burgdorferi</i> with that of <i>E. coli</i> and eukaryotes Figure 1. Comparison of B. burgdorferi s.l. lipid membrane to the typical gram-negative bacterium E. coli and eukaryotic lipid membranes
(Source: Kerstholt M, et al. 2020)

Lyme disease caused by B. burgdorferi is a zoonotic natural epidemic disease, manifested as chronic erythema migrans (EM) of the skin, can also cause multi-systems, multi-organ damage to the human body, and in severe cases, can leave disability or even death. Clinical manifestations often involve the skin, joints, nervous system, and heart, and after a period of incubation enter the clinical phase. The incubation period is the time between the tick bite and the appearance of early specific skin lesions or other first symptoms. Patients with untreated Lyme disease can be categorized into 3 clinical phases based on their clinical presentation: localized skin lesions (phase I), spread of infection (phase II), and persistence of infection (phase III). Symptoms of each stage are most often seen individually, but there are also cases in which all 3 stages are seen together.

Alternative Names

Borrelia burgdorferi

References

1. Kurokawa C, et al. Interactions between Borrelia burgdorferi and ticks. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020 Oct;18(10):587-600.
2. Kerstholt M, et al. Borrelia burgdorferi hijacks cellular metabolism of immune cells: Consequences for host defense. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2020 May;11(3):101386.

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References

Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, B. miyamotoi, and Powassan Virus in Residents Bitten by Ixodes Ticks, Maine, USA

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Authors: Smith, Robert P., Jr.; Elias, Susan P.; Cavanaugh, Catherine E.; Lubelczyk, Charles B.; Lacombe, Eleanor H.; Brancato, Janna; Doyle, Hester; Rand, Peter W.; Ebel, Gregory D.; Krause, Peter J.

Abstract

We conducted a serosurvey of 230 persons in Maine, USA, who had been bitten by Ixodes scapularis or I. cookei ticks. We documented seropositivity for Borrelia burgdorferi (13.9%) and B. miyamotoi (2.6%), as well as a single equivocal result (0.4%) for Powassan encephalitis virus.

Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Borrelia miyamotoi in ixodid ticks in the Far East of Russia

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE

Authors: Pukhovskaya, Natalia M.; Morozova, Olga, V; Vysochina, Nelya P.; Belozerova, Nadejda B.; Ivanov, Leonid I.

Abstract

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) DNA was detected by PCR in Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930, Haemaphysalis concinna Koch, 1844, Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi Nuttall et Warburton, 1915 and Dermacentor silvarum Olenev, 1932 ticks collected in the Amur region, the Jewish Autonomous region, the Sakhalin region and on the Khabarovsk territory. Infection rate of I. persulcatus with B. burgdorferi s.l. 10-69% exceeded the corresponding values of three other tick species in all examined regions during 1999-2014 despite different tick abundance and dominance structure. Bacterial loads estimated on the base of quantitative real time PCR varied from 102 to 109 genome-equivalents per a tick with maximal values for I. persulcatus and H. japonica. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene and 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer nucleotide sequences revealed two species: 1) Borrelia garinii of Asian type NT29 with several isolates of European type 20047; 2) Borrelia afzelii with identical sequences of the majority of studied isolates and VS461 reference strain in all regions except the Sakhalin Island where B. afzelii was not found. Borrelia miyamotoi of the relapsing fever group was detected as monoinfection or in combination with B. burgdorferi s.l. in 4.0 +/- 0.9% and 4.8 +/- 0.9% I. persulcatus ticks, respectively. Multiple locus sequence analysis of three fragments of 16S rRNA, glpQ and p66 genes proved that all the Far Eastern B. miyamotoi isolates belonged to the Asian type identical to FR64b strain (GenBank CP004217) from Japan. Wide distribution of Borrelia DNA in ticks, relative genetic homogeneity with similar sequences of the coding regions and the intergenic spacer of Borrelia wild isolates and temporal stability with high homology levels of the Far Eastern isolates of B. garinii, B. afzelii and B. miyamotoi with previously described spirochetes from the surrounding regions of Russia, China and Japan allowed us to suggest multiple ecological niches as the stability factor of the parasitic system.