Rabbit Anti-Human MT-CO2 monoclonal antibody, clone TD17-99

The research concerns the assessment of the possibility to design a CCS pilot project in a deep saline aquifer of Northern Italy (Lombardia Region), one of the most populated and industrialized area of the Country. Lombardia Region emits about 70 Mt CO2 per year, ranking the Region as the largest Italian producer. The study area covers an area of about 1500 km(2), and the potential caprock-reservoir system has been identified in a clay and conglomerate formation, respectively. A 3D static geological model and a 3D fluid-dynamic model have been implemented in order to analyze the CO2 storage process. After the evaluation of the storage capacity of the geological system identified in the study area, six different injection scenarios have been simulated, by considering 30 years of fluid injection at a rate of 0.3 Mt of CO2 per year. For a preliminary assessment of safety conditions, CO2 plume size, volume and displacement, together with overpressures distribution at the caprock-reservoir boundary have been simulated and analyzed. This study represent a first step for the evaluation of the storage capacity of the study area, and the results of the numerical simulations seems to confirm the possibility to develop a CCS pilot project in the future. The numerical simulations confirm, amongst the other, that the geological system is compatible with the storage of a mass of CO2 consistent with the design of a pilot project. However, further analyses are necessary (such as detailed site-investigations to confirm some geological assumptions and exhaustive geomechanical studies) before considering this area fully suitable for CCS. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Drinking water supply and wastewater treatment require significant energy inputs, and considerable greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Developing countries such as China are investing significantly in the construction of additional water infrastructure at the cost of increased GHG emissions. To understand the complexities of the inclusive impacts of GHG emissions from urban water systems, this study aims to examine both direct and indirect GHG emissions for water utilities in China's cities. A practical hybrid framework was proposed to reveal hidden GHG emissions via a combination of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines (bottom-up) and an Environmental Input-Output model (top down). The study found that average annual GHG emissions between 2006 and 2012 from urban water utility operation in China accounted for 41 Mt CO2-eq, 58% came from energy use, 40% from treatment processes, and 2% from chemical use. Based on the proposed framework, Scope 3 emissions (indirect emissions other than electricity and heat purchase) for the operation of water utilities were estimated to be 8 Mt CO2-eq, which is significant to the total emission inventory; this corrected the bottom-up estimation in which 90% of Scope 3 emissions were not captured. The main hidden emission sources were upstream emissions of electricity and heat generation (21%), management of water conservancy (9%), manufacture of metal products (15%) and plastics (6%), and other chemical inputs (4%).Embodied emissions from cement and lime production (27%) and steel rolling of (22%) were the main sources of Scope 3 emissions for the construction of water infrastructure. Future variations of GHG emissions from water utilities were determined to be largely a result of the growth of wastewater treatment. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a hybrid approach to supporting low-carbon planning of water utilities from the viewpoint of water-energy-GHG nexus, and suggests that reduction of non-CO2 emissions in wastewater treatment and emissions of electricity consumption across supply chains has a significant potential to mitigate total GHG emissions from China's water sector. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.