Anti-MT-CO2 monoclonal antibody, clone FQS4425

Surveillance of Popocatepetl volcanic plume geochemistry and SO2 flux began in early 1994 after fumarolic and seismic activity increased significantly during 1993, Volatile traps placed around the summit were collected at near-monthly intervals until the volcano erupted on December 21, 1994, Additional trap samples were obtained in early 1996 before the volcano erupted again, emplacing a small dacite dome in the summit crater. Abundances of volatile constituents (ppm/day of CL, S-total, F, CO2, Hg, and As) varied, but most constituents were relatively high in early and late 1994, However, ratios of these constituents to Cl were highest in mid-1994, delta(34)S-S-total in trap solutions ranged from 1.5 parts per thousand to 6.4 parts per thousand; lowest values generally occurred during late 1994, delta(13)C-CO2 of trap solutions were greatly contaminated with atmospheric CO2 and affected by absorption kinetics. When trap data are combined with SO2 flux measurements made through November 1996, Popocatepetl released about 3.9 Mt SO2, 16 Mt CO2, 0.75 Mt HCl, 0.075 Mt HF, 260 t As, 2.6 t Hg, and roughly 200 Mt H2O. Near-vent gas concentrations in the volcanic plume measured by correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) commonly exceed human recommended exposure limits and may constitute a potential health hazard. Volatile geochemistry combined with petrologic observations and melt-inclusion studies show that mafic magma injection into a preexisting silicic chamber has accompanied renewed volcanism at Popocatepetl. Minor assimilation of Cretaceous wall rocks probably occurred in mid-1994.

Households may imperfectly implement energy saving measures. This study identifies two factors resulting in imperfect use of energy-saving technology by households. Households often continue to use old technologies alongside new ones, and the energy-saving technologies have shorter actual lifetimes than their designed lifetimes. These two factors are considered when computing marginal energy conservation cost and marginal CO2 abatement cost using data collected from a survey of rural households in three provinces in China. The results show that there are cost reduction for most space heating technologies, and their marginal abatement cost under full implementation ranges from 60 to 15 USD/t-CO2, while the marginal abatement cost of cooking technologies ranges from 12 to 85 USD/t-CO2. The marginal abatement costs of the majority of technologies increased after accounting for the two implementation factors. The marginal abatement cost in the imperfect implementation scenario is higher, with a range of 1 to 15 USD/t-CO2 for space heating, and 18 to 165 USD/t-CO2 for cooking. Assuming implementation factors are constant until 2035, annually achievable CO2 abatement by 2035 is estimated to be 57, 11, and 10 Mt-CO2/y in Hebei, Guizhou, and Guangxi Provinces. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.