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Electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to ammonia can potentially replace the existing centralized fossil fuel-based Haber-Bosch process with small, decentralized units relying on electrical energy from renewable sources, thus supporting a sustainable food and energy infrastructure. Recent activities in the development of transition metal nitride electrocatalysts for this reaction have shown promise, but oxynitrides remain unexplored. We have performed a rigorous computational study of the highly promising vanadium oxynitride (VON) to establish for the first time the nitrogen reduction pathway in oxynitrides and the role of the mixed anions that can lead to improved stability of the active surface-states, activity, and selectivity over hydrogen evolution. The electrocatalytic properties are best enhanced at low oxygen content (12.5%) due to optimal balance between consecutive protonation preference at N-sites over V-sites, low onset potential (0.4 V-RHE), and facile N-2 adsorption at N-vacancy sites, while a higher oxygen containing VON (31.25%) shows the lowest N-2 adsorption/dissociation barrier (similar to 0.3 eV) on the anion vacancy and can also be a potential N2RR catalyst with a higher NH3 turn over frequency, albeit with a lower stability and higher overpotential (0.6 V-RHE) compared to x = 12.5%. The critical N-vacancy active sites are protected from self-annihilation by the mixed-valency anions, large kinetic barriers, and site blocking by O*/OH*/H* due to highly favorable N-2 absorption.

Elucidating the interactions between hydrogen and catalysts under complex realistic conditions is of great importance in rationally modulating the catalytic performance of hydrogenation processes. Herein, we have investigated the interaction between hydrogen and four typical surfaces, (100), (210), (211), and (311) of pyrite FeS2 through density functional theory calculations. On (210) surface, the hydrogen dissociative adsorption on unsaturated-coordination sulfur atoms is favorable both in thermodynamics and kinetics. The hydrogen activation barrier is 0.83 eV with slight exothermic of 0.12 eV on (311). While on (100) and (211) surface, the hydrogen dissociation is unfavorable due to the high activation barriers and remarkable positive reaction energies. For high adsorption coverage, the pure molecule adsorption mode is favorable on (100) facet, opposed to the other surfaces which have temperature and pressure dependence. The saturated coverage sequence is (1 0 0) > (21 0) > (21 1) > (31 1) for a wide range of temperature and pressure. The remove of sulfur atoms most likely occurs on (21 0) surface. Our atomistic insights might be useful in engineering hydrogen-involved processes catalyzed by iron sulfide.