Anti-THC polyclonal antibody

Introduction: The use and availability of oral and inhalable products containing cannabidiol (CBD) as the principal constituent has increased with expanded cannabis/hemp legalization. However, few controlled clinical laboratory studies have evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects of oral or vaporized CBD or CBD-dominant cannabis. Methods: Eighteen healthy adults (9 men; 9 women) completed four, double-blind, double-dummy, drug administration sessions. Sessions were separated by >= 1 week and included self-administration of 100 mg oral CBD, 100 mg vaporized CBD, vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis (100 mg CBD; 3.7 mg THC), and placebo. Study outcomes included: subjective drug effects, vital signs, cognitive/psychomotor performance, and whole blood THC and CBD concentrations. Results: Vaporized CBD and CBD-dominant cannabis increased ratings on several subjective items (e.g., Like Drug Effect) relative to placebo. Subjective effects did not differ between oral CBD and placebo and were generally higher for CBD-dominant cannabis compared to vaporized CBD. CBD did not increase ratings for several items typically associated with acute cannabis/THC exposure (e.g., Paranoid). Women reported qualitatively higher ratings for Pleasant Drug Effect than men after vaporized CBD and CBD-dominant cannabis use. CBD-dominant cannabis increased heart rate compared to placebo. Cognitive/psychomotor impairment was not observed in any drug condition. Conclusions: Vaporized CBD and CBD-dominant cannabis produced discriminable subjective drug effects, which were sometimes stronger in women, but did not produce cognitive/psychomotor impairment. Subjective effects of oral CBD did not differ from placebo. Future research should further elucidate the subjective effects of various types of CBD products (e.g., inhaled, oral, topical), which appear to be distinct from THC-dominant products.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing the practical diet with yeast autolysate (YA) on the growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated. The relatively high-fish-meal control diet contained 25% fish meal withoutYAsupplementation (E1). The other control diet contained 20% fish meal withoutYA(E2). With the E2 diet as the basis, two additional experimental diets were created by further supplementation with 1%YA(E3) and 2%YA(E4). The shrimp (initial weight: 0.30 +/- 0.02 g) were fed with the four experimental diets for 8 weeks and then challenged withVibrio parahaemolyticus. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in survival rate (SR) or feed intake (FI) among these groups. The weight gain rate (WGR) of group E1 was not significantly different from that of groups E3 and E4. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in group E4 was lower than that of group E2, and group E4 had the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER). The total hemocyte counts (THC) and lysozyme activities in group E3 and group E4 were significantly higher than those of the other groups. Group E3 had the highest respiratory burst (RB). AfterV. parahaemolyticusadministration, group E3 and group E4 had significantly lower cumulative mortalities than group E1 did. In conclusion, the 20% fish meal diet withoutYAsupplementation (E2) yielded a significantly lower growth rate than the 25% fish meal diet withoutYAsupplementation (E1) did. Furthermore, the Pacific white shrimp that received dietary supplementation with 1%YAdemonstrated improved growth rate, immune response, and resistance to theV. parahaemolyticuschallenge compared with those that were fed the 20% fish meal diet withoutYAsupplementation (E2).