Rabbit Anti-INS Polyclonal Antibody

Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) is a global health threat accompanied by increasing in drug resistance. To combat this challenge, there is an urgent need to find alternative antimicrobial agents againstS. aureus. This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of carnosol againstS. aureususing anin vitromodel. The effects of carnosol were determined based on the antimicrobial effects or formation and disruption of biofilms. Finally, metabolomics ofS. aureusgrown as planktonic cells and biofilms with carnosol treatment were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of carnosol were 32 to 256 mu g/mL against the sixteen testedS. aureusstrains. Among the biofilms, we observed a reduction in bacterial motility of theS. aureus, biofilm development and preformed biofilm after carnosol treatment. Moreover, the significantly altered metabolic pathways upon carnosol treatment inS. aureusplanktonic cells and biofilms were highly associated with the perturbation of glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. In addition, glutathione metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism were significantly changed in the biofilms. This study establishes the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of carnosol, and will provide an alternative strategy for overcoming the drug resistance ofS. aureus.

The healing properties ofSalvia officinalisL., Lamiaceae, sage are well known. The presence of high levels of polyphenols inS.officinalisleaves is responsible for many of the therapeutic benefits of the herb. This study used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry in conjunction with extensive mass spectral libraries to identify the polyphenols with high sensitivity. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of six different traditional extraction procedures (fresh tissue homogenization, fresh and dry leaf decoction, and their respective fermentation) for efficient recovery of phytochemicals using data-independent acquisition in negative electrospray ionization mode. The concentrations of caffeic acid (477.57 +/- 7.26 mu g/g) and rosmarinic acid (13,694.13 +/- 112.06 mu g/g) in fermented dry leaf decoctions were found to be significantly higher than in other extracts. However, the dry leaf decoction yielded significantly higher levels of the flavonoid luteolin-7-O-glucoside (691.60 +/- 9.81 mu g/g) and the terpenoids carnosol, carnosic acid, and ursolic acid (215.61 +/- 4.92 mu g/g, 529.61 +/- 9.61 mu g/g, and 19.90 +/- 0.22 mu g/g, respectively). Two flavonoid compounds, diosmetin ([M-H](-)m/z299.0554) and pectolinarigenin ([M-H](-) m/z 313.0715), were identified for the first time inS.officinalis. Among fifty-four identified polyphenols, gallocatechin, scutellarin, sagerinic acid, salvianolic acids, pectolinarigenin, rosmanol, rosmadial, and 12-methoxy carnosic acid were found in higher intensities. Dry leaf decoction and its fermentation were found to be the most efficient traditional extraction methods for polyphenols in S.officinalis.