TLR10 Full Name
toll-like receptor 10
TLR10 Introduction
Toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10) is the last identified member of the human Toll-like receptor family and is unique in that it is primarily expressed in humans and non-human primates, while lacking a functional ortholog in commonly used experimental models such as mice. TLR10 is mainly expressed in immune cells including B cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), eosinophils, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Unlike other TLR family members, TLR10 was long considered an "orphan receptor," with its specific ligands and precise signaling pathways not fully understood. However, recent studies have gradually revealed its key role in immune regulation, particularly as an inhibitory receptor, granting it a unique position within the TLR family.
In the immune system, TLR10 primarily functions as a negative regulator or inhibitory receptor, helping to limit excessive inflammatory responses. Its core mechanism involves forming heterodimers with other TLR members. Substantial evidence indicates that TLR10 can heterodimerize with TLR2, thereby inhibiting downstream signaling pathways triggered by TLR2 recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This inhibition significantly reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The suppressive function of TLR10 is not limited to the TLR2 pathway; it can also inhibit both MyD88-dependent and independent TLR signaling, highlighting its broad immunomodulatory potential.
Figure 1. Signalling pathways inhibited by TLR10. (Source: Fore F, et al. 2022)
In Crohn's disease, multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified significant associations between TLR10 gene polymorphisms (SNPs) and disease susceptibility. Similarly, in asthma research, TLR10 gene polymorphisms are regarded as an important risk factor. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the role of TLR10 is more specific: its expression level in B-cell subsets correlates with disease activity.
Alternate Names for TLR10
TLR10
toll-like receptor 10
CD290
Cell Signaling