Rhinovirus (RV) belongs to the Picorn alpha virus family and the Enterovirus genus. It was isolated from specimens of respiratory tract infection patients by Winston Price at Johns Hopkins University in 1956 using methods such as tissue culture. Rhinovirus usually resides in the upper respiratory tract and mainly causes upper respiratory tract infections such as common cold in adults. In infants and chronic respiratory disease patients, in addition to upper respiratory tract infections, it can also cause bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. Real time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a standard diagnostic tool for clinical sample rhinovirus detection, which is more sensitive, rapid, and easy to operate than traditional virus isolation and antigen detection methods.
Figure 1. Rhinovirus.
Rhinovirus (RV) was isolated from specimens of respiratory tract infection patients by Winston Price at Johns Hopkins University in 1956 through tissue culture and other methods. It belongs to the small RNA virus family and is a member of the Rhinovirus A (RV-A), Rhinovirus B (RV-B), and Rhinovirus C (RV-C) species under the Enterovirus genus. 169 types have been discovered, including 80 in RV-A, 32 in RV-B, and 57 in RV-C. The rhinovirus was classified into the enterovirus genus and named Ekovirus type 28. Later, it was discovered that there were significant differences between the two genera of viruses, and in 1963, this virus was named rhinovirus.
Rhinovirus is spherical with a diameter of 28-30nm, consisting of a single stranded positive stranded RNA. Its nucleocapsid is symmetrical in a icosahedral structure and lacks an envelope. It can proliferate in human embryonic kidney and diploid cells. The source of infection for rhinovirus is patients and virus carriers, mainly transmitted through hand contact, followed by droplet transmission. Both children and adults can be infected with RV, but children are susceptible to it.
Figure 2. Structure of Rhinovirus.
| Epidemiology | Details |
| Source of infection | The source of rhinovirus infection is patients and virus carriers, and primates may also become a source of infection. |
| Route of Transmission | Mainly transmitted through hand contact, followed by droplet transmission. The maximum infectious period is within the first 5 days of the disease, and the virus mainly replicates in the nasopharyngeal cavity. |
| Susceptible Person | Both children and adults can be infected with RV, but children are susceptible to it and are prone to respiratory symptoms after infection. Compared to adults, children are more susceptible to rhinovirus type C infection, which is associated with lower respiratory tract infections in infants and preschool children and the induction and/or exacerbation of asthma, with almost 50% of children experiencing wheezing. Notably, recombinant human rhinovirus has been widely applied in preclinical studies to explore the pathogenic mechanisms of RV infection and evaluate potential vaccine candidates. |
Most rhinoviruses mainly bind to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the surface of respiratory epithelial cells, namely CD54, and replicate in respiratory epithelial cells and local lymphoid tissues, leading to inflammatory reactions. Some rhinoviruses trigger inflammatory responses by binding to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. RV infection of bronchial epithelial cells in vitro can induce the secretion of various inflammatory mediators. Innate immunity and acquired immunity are involved in the pathogenesis and clearance of RV. The anti-rhinovirus 14 VP1 monoclonal antibody has been utilized as a specific tool to target the VP1 protein of rhinovirus 14, facilitating the study of viral tropism and neutralization mechanisms.
| Biological Characteristics | Details |
| Morphological Structure | Rhinovirus is spherical in shape, with a diameter of 28-30nm and no envelope. The nucleic acid is single stranded RNA, and the exterior of RV is a capsid composed of VP1-VP3 proteins arranged in a icosahedral symmetry. Among them, VP1-VP3 are located on the surface of the capsid, while VP4 generally exists between the capsid and the RNA genome. Antibodies mainly recognize the virus based on the antigenic epitopes on VP1-VP3 proteins. |
| Cultivation Characteristics | Rhinovirus can proliferate in human embryonic kidney and diploid cells (Hep-2, Hela), but cannot grow or replicate in chicken embryos and neonatal mice. The optimal temperature is 33 ℃, which is consistent with the temperature of human nasal mucosa. The optimal pH value is 7.0, which is also an important reason why the virus mainly exists in the nasal cavity. After RV infection, the cytopathic effect (CPE) appears slowly, usually about 2 weeks, characterized by round and focal cells. |
| Resistance | Rhinovirus is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, resistant to ether but not acid, and begins to be inactivated below pH 6.0, rapidly inactivating at pH 3.0. Based on this characteristic, it can be distinguished from other enteroviruses. Rhinovirus can survive for a long time at -70 ℃ and for several weeks at 4 ℃, but can be inactivated after heating to 50 ℃ for a few minutes. It can survive for 3 days in a dry environment, 5-7 days in nasal secretions, and can be extended to 2-3 weeks in the nasopharynx. RV can survive for a long time on plastic and synthetic fiber surfaces. |
Rhinovirus usually resides in the upper respiratory tract and mainly causes upper respiratory tract infections such as common cold in adults. In infants and chronic respiratory disease patients, in addition to upper respiratory tract infections, it can also cause bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. The incubation period is 2-5 days, and the duration of infection is about 7 days. Clinical manifestations often include runny nose, sneezing, discomfort in the throat, nasal congestion, cough, sore throat, hoarseness, no obvious fever or only low-grade fever, often accompanied by sinusitis and otitis media. Some patients are infected with rhinovirus without any clinical symptoms. Infants, elderly people, and immunocompromised patients have relatively severe conditions, which can develop into lower respiratory tract infections, manifested as bronchitis and pneumonia. Rhinovirus infection is closely related to the exacerbation of respiratory inflammatory response and is associated with airway remodeling in asthma. Patients with a history of chronic respiratory diseases infected with rhinovirus can cause acute attacks of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.
At present, there is no specific treatment method, mainly symptomatic supportive treatment. In clinical practice, local use of interferon nasal drops, combined with anticholinergic and anti-inflammatory drugs, can reduce the detoxification level of rhinovirus.
Rhinovirus infection has a certain degree of self limitation and can usually heal on its own within about a week. Children with immunodeficiency may pose a serious threat to their lives after infection. After recovery, a certain degree of immunity can be obtained, but the maintenance time is short, and due to the variety of virus types, there is little cross protection between different types of rhinoviruses, so people can suffer from common colds multiple times.
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | Isotype | Application | |
| HRV | CABT-RM302 | Mouse Anti-Rhinovirus VP3 Monoclonal antibody, clone C2687N | Mouse | IgG1 | ELISA, IFA | Inquiry |
| CABT-RM303 | Mouse Anti-Rotavirus Vp7 Monoclonal antibody, clone C2826N | Mouse | IgG2a | ELISA, IHC, WB | Inquiry | |
| DMAB-CS24029 | Mouse Anti-Rhinovirus VP3 Monoclonal antibody, clone C1209N | Mouse | IgG1 | ELISA, IF | Inquiry | |
| DMAB-CS24030 | Rabbit Anti-Rhinovirus 14 VP1 Monoclonal antibody, clone 28JB | Rabbit | IgG | Neut | Inquiry | |
| DMAB-CS24031 | Mouse Anti-Rhinovirus 14 VP1 Monoclonal antibody, clone 28JB | Mouse | IgG2a | Neut | Inquiry | |
| DMAB-CS24032 | Rabbit Anti-Rhinovirus 2 VP2 Monoclonal antibody, clone 9G6 | Rabbit | IgG | Neut, WB, IP, IHC | Inquiry | |
| DMAB-CS24033 | Mouse Anti-Rhinovirus 2 VP2 Monoclonal antibody, clone 9G6 | Mouse | IgG2a | Neut, WB, IP, IHC | Inquiry | |
| DMAB-CS24034 | Mouse Anti-Rhinovirus A29 VP1 Monoclonal antibody, clone 646 | Mouse | IgG | ELISA, IFA, FACS, WB, ICA | Inquiry | |
| DMAB-CS24028 | Mouse Anti-Rhinovirus VP2 Monoclonal antibody, clone S27 | Mouse | IgG2b | WB, IHC | Inquiry |
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Size | Species | |
| HRV | DAG-WT1958 | Inactivated Human Rhinovirus A Culture Fluid | 1 mL | / | Inquiry |
| DAG-WT1959 | Inactivated Human Rhinovirus C Culture Fluid | 1 mL | / | Inquiry | |
| DAGC783 | Recombinant Rhinovirus PreScission Protease [GST] | 100 IU | Rhinovirus | Inquiry | |
| DAGC784 | Recombinant Rhinovirus PreScission Protease (a.a. 1-217) [His] | 100 IU | Rhinovirus | Inquiry | |
| DAGC785 | Native Rhinovirus Type 1A Antigen | 100 g, 500 g | Rhinovirus | Inquiry | |
| DAG-WT3606 | Inactivated Human Rhinovirus B Culture Fluid | 1 mL | / | Inquiry | |
| DAG-WT1151 | Recombinant Human Rhinovirus 16 VP3 (a.a. 331-562) [His] | 1 mg | / | Inquiry | |
| DAG-WT1152 | Recombinant Human Rhinovirus 16 VP4 (a.a. 2-69) [His] | 1 mg | / | Inquiry | |
| DAGC252 | Recombinant Human Rhinovirus 16 VP0 (a.a. 70-330) [His] | 50 g | Human | Inquiry | |
| DAGC253 | Recombinant Human Rhinovirus 16 VP1 (a.a. 565-853) [His] | 50 g | Human | Inquiry | |
| DAGC254 | Recombinant Human Rhinovirus 16 VP2 (a.a. 70-330) [His] | 50 g | Human | Inquiry | |
| DAG1877 | Recombinant Human rhinovirus 3C protease [His, GST] | 1 mg | Human | Inquiry |
