Recombinant Echovirus E30 VP4-VP2 capsid Protein [His]

VIRO-TypeNed is a collaborative molecular surveillance platform facilitated through a web-based database. Genetic data in combination with epidemiological, clinical and patient data are shared between clinical and public health laboratories, as part of the surveillance underpinning poliovirus eradication. We analysed the combination of data submitted from 2010 to 2014 to understand circulation patterns of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) of public health relevance. Two epidemiological patterns were observed based on VIRO-TypeNed data and classical surveillance data dating back to 1996: (i) endemic cyclic, characterised by predictable upsurges/outbreaks every two to four years, and (ii) epidemic, where rare virus types caused upsurges/outbreaks. Genetic analysis suggests continuous temporal displacement of virus lineages due to the accumulation of (silent) genetic changes. Non-synonymous changes in the antigenic B/C loop suggest antigenic diversification, which may affect population susceptibility. Infections were frequently detected at an age under three months and at an older, parenting age (25-49 years) pointing to a distinct role of immunity in the circulation patterns. Upsurges were detected in the summer and winter which can promote increased transmissibility underlying new (cyclic) upsurges and requires close monitoring. The combination of data provide a better understanding of NPEV circulation required to control and curtail upsurges and outbreaks.

Background: Recently, both sporadic and outbreak aseptic meningitis caused by enteroviruses have been reported in Zhejiang Province based on a surveillance system. Methods: This study analysed the epidemiologic features, phylogenetic characteristics and prevalence of enterovirus neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) from 2014 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province. Results: A total of 584 samples were collected. Males accounted for 66.07% while females accounted for 33.93%. The median age was 6 years (range: 1-15 years). Cases peaked in May and August (81.17%) and 162 cases (28.93%) occurred in June. We detected 15 serotypes, some of which (E6, E9, E18 and E30) were the dominant serotypes prevalent in different years and geographical regions. Phylogenetic results revealed that all of the isolates from this study belonged to the human enterovirus B family. A total of 329 subjects sampled from a healthy population were tested for nAbs against B5, E6 and E30 in Rui'an county in 2015. The seropositive rate of E30 in each age group was significantly higher than that of the other serotypes. Conclusion: Enterovirus-associated encephalitis pathogens circulating in Zhejiang caused sporadic aseptic meningitis in children. The level of nAbs against human enterovirus reflects the history of previous infections in different age groups. Therefore, additional surveillance sites and more precise seroprevalence studies based on these populations are required to gain better insight into the epidemiology of enterovirus-associated encephalitis in Zhejiang Province. (c) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).