Background
Echovirus (EchoV) is an enterovirus virus of the Picornaviridae family, a group B enterovirus. The virus was first isolated from human poop during polio epidemics and, then, there was no known human disease for it. Therefore, it was named enteric cytopathic human orphan virus (ECHO).
Echovirus particles have an icosahedral symmetrical spherical structure, lacking an envelope and protrusions. Its genome is composed of single-stranded positive-sense RNA, with the sequence from the 5' end to the 3' end arranged as follows: 5' UTR, coding regions P1, P2, P3, 3' UTR, and a polyadenylate tail. The polyprotein P1 is ultimately cleaved into four structural proteins. The protease encoded by the non-structural protein region can specifically cleave the bond between glutamine and glycine. During viral replication, it primarily cleaves the P1 precursor protein into four structural proteins.
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the E30 gene structure
(Source: Liang Y, et al. 2023)
Echovirus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and the respiratory tract, with children being more susceptible to infection. Within 1-3 days of ingesting the EchoV replicates in the lymphoid ileum. After replicating, it moves on to neighbouring lymph nodes where it produces subclinical transient viremia, and then to reticuloendothelial cells in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and distant lymph nodes. The central nervous system, liver, spleen, bone marrow, heart and lungs are other secondary infection sites. Most echovirus infections are asymptomatic and, if they are, range from fever to death, depending on age, sex, immunity and viral subgroup serotype. Here are the echovirus symptoms that you might notice most: fever, rash, chest pain, respiratory infection, pneumonia, enteritis, myocarditis. And more than 80% of echoviruses make it to the brain: aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, paralytic disease, polyradiculitis, ataxia. As it turns out, the same echovirus can manifest in different clinical ways, and different echoviruses produce different clinical patterns. ECHO30, for example, can kill from aseptic meningitis and paralysis; ECHO11 from aseptic meningitis, neonatal infection and enteritis; ECHO6 from aseptic meningitis, enteritis, rhinitis, pharyngitis and childhood asthma.
Alternative Names
EchoV E11 VP1 Protein
Enteric cytopathic human orphan virus E11 VP1 Protein
ECHO E11 VP1 Protein
References
- 1. Liang Y, et al. Investigating the mechanism of Echovirus 30 cell invasion. Front Microbiol. 2023 Jul 6;14:1174410.
- 2. Chuang YY, et al. Enteroviral infection in neonates. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2019 Dec;52(6):851-857.
References
Annular Eruptive Pseudoangiomatosis and Adenovirus Infection: A Novel Clinical Variant of Paraviral Exanthems and a Novel Virus Association
ACTA DERMATO-VENEREOLOGICA
Authors: Chuh, Antonio; Panzer, Ruediger; Rosenthal, Ann-Christine; Proksch, Ehrhardt; Kempf, Werner; Zawar, Vijay; Fickenscher, Helmuth; Foelster-Holst, Regina
Abstract
Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis is a distinct exanthem thought to be caused by viruses. The usual rash configu-ration is erythematous papules and macules. An association with echovirus infection has been reported. We present here one adult and one child with this exanthem, supported by clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings. Both patients presented with prodromal symptoms, widespread angioma-like macules in annular configuration, blanchable telangiectasia, followed by spontaneous remission in 6-8 weeks. Lesional histopathology of the adult patient revealed dilated dermal blood vessels and lymphohistiocytic infiltrates predominated by CD4(+) lymphocytes with a 5:1 ratio of CD4:CD8 lymphocytes. No B cells or CD56(+) natural killer cells were found. Serology of both patients revealed evidence of active infections by adenoviruses, and a range of other viruses were excluded. We believe that these 2 patients manifested annular eruptive pseudoangio-matosis, a novel variant of the rash with a probable adenovirus association that has not yet been reported.
Hsp70 Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Echovirus 9 Infection
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES
Authors: Wang, Yang; Zhang, Hui; Ma, Dongbo; Deng, Xiang; Wu, Dongdong; Li, Fang; Wu, Qiuge; Liu, Hong; Wang, Jing
Abstract
Echovirus is an important cause of viral pneumonia and encephalitis in infants, neonates, and young children worldwide. However, the exact mechanism of its pathogenesis is still not well understood. Here, we established an echovirus type 9 infection mice model, and performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based comparative proteomics analysis to investigate the differentially expressed host proteins in mice brain. A total of 21 differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS/MS. The annotation of the differentially expressed proteins by function using the UniProt and GO databases identified one viral protein (5%), seven cytoskeletal proteins (33%), six macromolecular biosynthesis and metabolism proteins (28%), two stress response and chaperone binding proteins (9%), and five other cellular proteins (25%). The subcellular locations of these proteins were mainly found in the cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. The protein expression profiles and the results of quantitative RT-PCR in the detection of gene transcripts were found to complement each other. The differential protein interaction network was predicted using the STRING database. Of the identified proteins, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), showing consistent results in the proteomics and transcriptomic analyses, was analyzed through Western blotting to verify the reliability of differential protein expression data in this study. Further, evaluation of the function of Hsp70 using siRNA and quercetin, an inhibitor of Hsp70, showed that Hsp70 was necessary for the infection of echovirus type 9. This study revealed that echovirus infection could cause the differential expression of a series of host proteins, which is helpful to reveal the pathogenesis of viral infection and identify therapeutic drug targets. Additionally, our results suggest that Hsp70 could be a useful therapeutic host protein target for echovirus infection.
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