Anti-IFNG monoclonal antibody, clone 5T.C4 [Brilliant Violet 605]

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), whose causative agent is CCHF orthonairovirus (CCHFV), demonstrates different symptoms in patients. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) take part in various pathological processes of viral diseases. They are prominent regulators of antiviral immune responses. To our knowledge, this study is the first study to investigate nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1), interferon (IFN) gamma antisense RNA 1 (IFNG-AS1), and negative regulator of IFN response (NRIR) expression in CCHF in the literature. We selected these lncRNAs because they are related to IFN signal or IFN-stimulated genes. We investigated NEAT1, IFNG-AS1, and NRIR gene expression in patients with CCHF. Total RNA was extracted from blood samples of 100 volunteers and NEAT1, IFNG-AS1, and NRIR expression were measured using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. NRIR expression was statistically significant in cases versus controls (p < .001), fatals versus controls (p < .001), and fatals versus nonfatals (p = .01). Furthermore, NRIR was found statistically significant at some clinical parameters including alanine aminotransferase (p = .03), international normalized ratio (p = .03), prothrombin time (p = .02), and active partial thromboplastin time (p = .01) in CCHF cases. NEAT1 and IFNG-AS1 expression were downregulated in the case and fatal groups which were compared with controls. Our results demonstrate that NRIR may be important in CCHF pathogenesis and the target of CCHF treatment.

Nanocellulose is a promising bio-nanomaterial with attractive properties suitable for multiple industrial applications. The increased use of nanocellulose may lead to occupational exposure and negative health outcomes. However, knowledge on its health effects is limited, and while nanocellulose exposure may induce acute inflammatory responses in the lung, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Alveolar macrophages are key cells in alveolar particle clearance. Their activation and function may be affected by various particles. Here, we investigated the uptake of pristine cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and their effects on alveolar macrophage polarization and biological function. CNC uptake enhanced the secretion of several cytokines but did not on its own induce a complete macrophage polarization. In presence of macrophage activators, such as LPS/IFNG and IL4/IL13, CNC exposure enhanced the expression of M1 phenotype markers and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, while decreasing M2 markers, CNC exposure also affected the function of activated alveolar macrophages resulting in a prominent cytokine burst and altered phagocytic activity. In conclusion, CNC exposure may result in dysregulation of macrophage activation and function that are critical in inflammatory responses in the lung.